| Outcome | Number of events | Pre-gestational diabetes | |||
| Number of studies | Pooled RR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P value | ||
| Heterotaxia | 1098 | 4 | 8.78 (6.66 to 11.56) | 0.0 | 0.423 |
| Conotruncal defects | 5495 | 4 | 3.76 (2.58 to 5.48) | 68.3 | 0.024 |
| Truncus arteriosus | 435 | 3 | 12.16 (7.52 to 19.68) | 0.0 | 0.866 |
| Transposition of great vessels | 6700 | 9 | 3.25 (2.54 to 4.15) | 15.9 | 0.301 |
| Tetralogy of fallot | 5360 | 6 | 3.46 (2.27 to 5.28) | 64.4 | 0.015 |
| APVR | 1239 | 4 | 3.47 (2.13 to 5.64) | 0.0 | 0.684 |
| LVOT defects | 6672 | 7 | 3.46 (2.59 to 4.62) | 37.8 | 0.140 |
| Coarctation of aorta | 6606 | 5 | 3.35 (2.25 to 4.99) | 61.4 | 0.035 |
| Hypoplastic left heart | 2319 | 4 | 2.23 (1.07 to 4.64) | 64.0 | 0.040 |
| RVOT defects | 6163 | 7 | 3.41 (2.65 to 4.38) | 20.9 | 0.270 |
| Pulmonary artery anomalies | 17,215 | 3 | 2.81 (2.48 to 3.18) | 0.0 | 0.865 |
| Pulmonary valve stenosis | 7273 | 5 | 2.51 (1.51 to 4.17) | 76.2 | 0.002 |
| Septal defects | 12,368 | 2 | 3.23 (2.20 to 4.74) | 86.2 | 0.007 |
| AVSD | 5126 | 6 | 3.94 (2.95 to 5.26) | 40.0 | 0.139 |
| VSD | 64,844 | 10 | 3.10 (2.32 to 4.16) | 90.2 | <0.001 |
| ASD | 91,683 | 7 | 3.12 (2.42 to 4.02) | 81.9 | <0.001 |
| VSD + ASD | 1089 | 2 | 6.36 (4.38 to 9.24) | 0.0 | 0.527 |
| Single ventricle | 1228 | 4 | 5.91 (2.43 to 14.38) | 80.2 | 0.002 |
| Nervous system defects | 42,339 | 9 | 2.54 (1.73 to 3.73) | 94.8 | <0.001 |
| Neural tube defects | 8791 | 6 | 2.74 (1.46 to 5.14) | 75.5 | 0.001 |
| Anencephaly | 3859 | 3 | 2.72 (2.16 to 3.44) | 0.0 | 0.416 |
| Encephalocele | 1108 | 3 | 5.53 (3.24 to 9.45) | 52.8 | 0.120 |
| Spina bifida | 9948 | 8 | 1.89 (1.15 to 3.09) | 71.1 | 0.001 |
| Hydrocephaly | 10,733 | 5 | 3.46 (1.62 to 7.42) | 85.0 | <0.001 |
| Holoprosencephaly | 301 | 2 | 18.18 (4.03 to 82.06) | 66.3 | 0.085 |
| Eye, ear, face, and neck defects | 39,570 | 6 | 3.14 (2.90 to 3.39) | 0.0 | 0.444 |
| Orofacial clefts | 6,602 | 5 | 1.27 (0.54 to 2.98) | 90.4 | <0.001 |
| Cleft palate | 11,259 | 6 | 1.75 (1.04 to 2.94) | 74.6 | 0.001 |
| Cleft lip with or without cleft palate | 32,641 | 7 | 1.89 (1.22 to 2.92) | 81.1 | <0.001 |
| Digestive system defects | 14,286 | 7 | 2.02 (1.24 to 3.28) | 92.3 | <0.001 |
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 5882 | 3 | 1.66 (1.32 to 2.10) | 0.0 | 0.520 |
| Abdominal wall defects | 1691 | 2 | 1.31 (0.80 to 2.15) | 0.0 | 0.729 |
| Omphalocele | 4163 | 3 | 1.90 (1.48 to 2.44) | 0.0 | 0.447 |
| Gastroschisis | 9268 | 3 | 0.92 (0.68 to 1.24) | 0.0 | 0.399 |
| Genitourinary system defects | 128,657 | 10 | 1.73 (1.35 to 2.21) | 89.2 | <0.001 |
| Renal agenesis/dysgenesis | 5239 | 6 | 5.63 (2.48 to 12.76) | 86.1 | <0.001 |
| Hypospadias | 44,963 | 9 | 1.57 (1.22 to 2.02) | 74.1 | <0.001 |
| CAKUT | 4143 | 3 | 1.80 (1.41 to 2.30) | 0.0 | 0.865 |
| Musculoskeletal system defects | 123,365 | 11 | 1.98 (1.45 to 2.72) | 94.4 | <0.001 |
| Limb reduction | 23,963 | 9 | 2.73 (1.98 to 3.76) | 81.7 | <0.001 |
| Polydactyly/syndactyly | 20,328 | 4 | 0.95 (0.57 to 1.57) | 71.8 | 0.003 |
| Multiple congenital anomalies | 2448 | 5 | 3.06 (2.36 to 3.96) | 39.6 | 0.158 |
| Major congenital anomalies | 52,171 | 6 | 2.14 (1.65 to 2.77) | 81.8 | <0.001 |
