Evaluation of the adult with asymptomatic hematuria

RBC: red blood cell; HPF: high-power field; WBC: white blood cell; CT: computed tomography; BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia.
* Abdominopelvic CT without contrast using a low radiation dose is recommended in most patients. For additional recommendations, refer to UpToDate topics on diagnosis of nephrolithiasis.
¶ Some patients with gross hematuria cannot empty their bladder due to severe clots and therefore develop urinary retention. Such patients should undergo prompt imaging and urology evaluation.
Δ Patients age <35 with noncontrast CT positive for nephrolithiasis may not need postcontrast imaging. For patients with contraindications to iodinated contrast, refer to UpToDate content for imaging options.
◊ For a list of potential environmental/workplace exposures that increase risk for bladder cancer, see http://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladdercancer/detailedguide/bladder-cancer-risk-factors.