Disorder | Transition from wakefulness into sleep | NREM sleep | REM sleep | Comments |
Parasomnias |
Confusional arousals | | X* | | Very common in young children and usually resolve by late childhood. |
Sleepwalking | | X* | |
Sleep terrors | | X* | |
Nightmares | | | X | Most common in children; persist into adulthood in 2 to 8% of the population. |
Sleep paralysis | | | X | Onset usually in adolescence. |
Sleep enuresis | | X | X | Defined as age >5 years and two or more episodes/week. |
REM sleep behavior disorder | | | X | Seen more frequently in adults than in children. Strong association with synucleinopathy in adults. In children, associated with narcolepsy type 1, serotonergic antidepressants, or structural brainstem lesions. |
Parasomnia overlap disorder | | X | X | REM sleep behavior disorder combined with another parasomnia. |
Sleep-related movement disorders |
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) | | | | Urge to move legs occurs at rest while awake. Often associated with iron deficiency; refer to UpToDate topic on RLS in children. |
Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) | | X | | Often associated with iron deficiency and RLS. |
Sleep-related leg cramps | | | | May be idiopathic or secondary to other medical conditions. In children these are typically benign and self-limited. The frequency tends to increase with advancing age. |
Bruxism | | X | | |
Rhythmic movement disorder (RMD) | X | X | (X) | Rhythmic movements at sleep onset are common and benign in infants and toddlers. This is termed rhythmic movement disorder if there is associated self-injury, interference with sleep, or effects on daytime function. The exclusively REM-related rhythmic movements occur more frequently in adults. |
Benign sleep myoclonus of infancy | X | | | Occurs in neurologically normal infants younger than six months of age. |
Propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset | X | | | Usually adult-onset. Clinically similar to hypnic jerks. Daytime emergence of movements can suggest seizure or spinal cord pathology. |
Isolated symptoms and normal variants | | | | |
- Sleep starts (hypnic jerks)
| X | | | Common at all ages; occurs at sleep onset. |
| X | X | | Common at all ages; typically near sleep onset. |
- Excessive fragmentary myoclonus
| | X | | Benign and nonprogressive myoclonus that is subtle, mainly characterized by EMG findings during PSG. Commonly an incidental finding. |
- Catathrenia (sleep-related groaning)
| | | X | Catathrenia is usually categorized with sleep-related breathing disorders because it appears to be associated with prolonged expiration. |
Sleep-related medical and neurological disorders |
Sleep-related epilepsy | | X* | | Episodes tend to be brief, stereotyped, and occur in clusters, randomly through the night. |