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Medication effects on sleep architecture

Medication effects on sleep architecture
Medication/medication class SL SE TST N2 N3 REM
Vasopressors      ↓    ↓ ↓
Beta blockers   ↓ ↓     ↓
Benzodiazepines ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓
Propofol ↓   ↑     ↓
Dexmedetomidine ↓     ↑ ↓–↑ ↓
Opioids       ↑ ↓ ↓
Steroids   ↓  ↓    ↓ ↓
Beta agonists ↑ ↓–        
Theophylline ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑– ↓–  
SL: sleep latency; SE: sleep efficiency; TST: total sleep time; N2: stage 2 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep; N3: stage 3 NREM sleep; REM: rapid eye movement sleep.
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