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Allergens in wheat flour

Allergens in wheat flour
Allergen name Allergen abbreviation Reported clinical reactions
Alpha-amylase-trypsin inhibitor Tri a 28 and Tri a 29.01
  • Anaphylaxis[1]
  • Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis[1]
  • Wheat allergy in children and baker's asthma[2]
Alpha-purothionin Tri a 37
  • Severe allergic reactions[3]
Gliadin Omega-5-gliadin
  • Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis[4]
  • Severe wheat allergy/anaphylaxis in children[5-8]
I-cys-peroxiredoxin Tri a 32
  • Baker's asthma[9]
Lipid transfer protein Tri a 14
  • Anaphylaxis[1,10]
  • Baker's asthma[11]
  • Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis[12]
Peroxidase Tri a Bd36 kd
  • Wheat allergy in children[13,14]
Serine protease-like inhibitor Tri a 39
  • Baker's asthma[15]
Serine proteinase inhibitor Tri a 29
  • Baker's asthma[16]
Thaumatin-like protein (TLP)  
  • Baker's asthma[17]
Thiol reductase Tri a 27
  • Baker's asthma[15]
Thioredoxin Tri a 25
  • Baker's asthma[18]
References:
  1. Pastorello EA, Farioli L, Conti A, et al. Wheat IgE-mediated food allergy in European patients: alpha-amylase inhibitors, lipid transfer proteins and low-molecular-weight glutenins. Allergenic molecules recognized by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 144:10.
  2. James JM, Sixbey JP, Helm RM, et al. Wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor: a second route of allergic sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99:239.
  3. Pahr S, Constantin C, Papadopoulos NG, et al. α-Purothionin, a new wheat allergen associated with severe allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1000.
  4. Morita E, Matsuo H, Mihara S, et al. Fast omega-gliadin is a major allergen in wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. J Dermatol Sci 2003; 33:99.
  5. Palosuo K, Varjonen E, Kekki OM, et al. Wheat omega-5 gliadin is a major allergen in children with immediate allergy to ingested wheat. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:634.
  6. Daengsuwan T, Palosuo K, Phankingthongkum S, et al. IgE antibodies to omega-5 gliadin in children with wheat-induced anaphylaxis. Allergy 2005; 60:506.
  7. Ebisawa M, Shibata R, Sato S, et al. Clinical utility of IgE antibodies to ω-5 gliadin in the diagnosis of wheat allergy: a pediatric multicenter challenge study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 158:71.
  8. Ito K, Futamura M, Borres MP, et al. IgE antibodies to omega-5 gliadin associate with immediate symptoms on oral wheat challenge in Japanese children. Allergy 2008; 63:1536.
  9. Pahr S, Constantin C, Mari A, et al. Molecular characterization of wheat allergens specifically recognized by patients suffering from wheat-induce respiratory allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:597.
  10. Palacin A, Bartra J, Muñoz R, et al. Anaphylaxis to wheat flour-derived foodstuffs and the lipid transfer protein syndrome: a potential role of wheat lipid transfer protein Tri a 14. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010; 152:178.
  11. Palacin A, Quirce S, Armentia A, et al. Wheat lipid transfer protein is a major allergen associated with baker's asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:1132.
  12. Pastorello EA, Farioli L, Stafylaraki C, et al. Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis caused by a lipid transfer protein and not by omega-5 gliadin. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 112:386.
  13. Baar A, Pahr S, Constantin C, et al. Molecular and immunological characterization of Tri a 36, a low molecular weight glutenin, as a novel major wheat food allergen. J Immunol 2012; 189:3018.
  14. Baar A, Pahr S, Constantin C, et al. Specific IgE reactivity to Tri a 36 in children with wheat food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:585.
  15. Sander I, Rihs HP, Doekes G, et al. Component-resolved diagnosis of baker's allergy based on specific IgE to recombinant wheat flour proteins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1529.
  16. Constantin C, Quirce S, Grote M, et al. Molecular and immunological characterization of a wheat serine proteinase inhibitor as a novel allergen in baker's asthma. J Immunol 2008; 180:7451.
  17. Lehto M, Airaksinen L, Puustinen A, et al. Thaumatin-like protein and baker's respiratory allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 104:139.
  18. Weiichel M, Glaser AG, Ballmer-Weber BK, et al. Wheat and maize thioredoxins: A novel cross-reactive cereal allergen family related to baker's asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:676.
Adapted from: Cianferoni A. Wheat allergy: Diagnosis. J Asthma Allergy 2016; 9:13.
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