| Parameters | Change | Causes |
Systemic vascular resistance and
mean arterial pressure | Increased | - Hypercarbia
- Neuroendocrine response (ie, increased catecholamines, vasopressin, and cortisol)
- Mechanical factors (ie, direct compression of aorta)
|
| Cardiac filling pressures | Increased | - Increased intrathoracic pressure secondary to pneumoperitoneum
- Increased sympathetic output due to neuroendocrine response and hypercarbia
|
| Cardiac filling volumes | Variable; increased or no change | Interaction among: - Increased intravascular volume resulting from compression of liver and spleen
- Reduced preload and venous return
- Positioning
- Patient's preexisting status
|
| Cardiac index | Variable; decreased or no change | Interaction among: - Increased afterload
- Decreased venous return
- Decreased cardiac filling
- Increased intravascular volume
- Positioning
- Patient's preexisting status
|
| Cardiac rhythm | Bradyarrhythmias | Peritoneal stretch - vagal |
| Tachyarrhythmias | - Hypercarbia
- Hypoxia
- Capnothorax
- Pulmonary embolism
|
