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Uptodate Reference Title
Cardiac output calculation with TEE
Cardiac output calculation with TEE
Steps for CO calculation: (A) Midesophageal AV long-axis view with AV open in systole is used to measure the LVOT diameter. (Note that the LVOT radius is ½ the LVOT diameter.) (B) Deep transgastric view through the LVOT and AV is used to measure the LVOT VTI. The pulsed-wave Doppler sample volume is positioned in the LVOT 1 cm proximal to the AV annulus. (C) The LVOT VTI is measured by tracing the pulsed-wave Doppler spectral waveform. (D) Machine-derived calculations of the SV and CO from the SV and HR. Echocardiography systems commonly include software packages incorporating these formulas to automatically calculate CO from the measured parameters.
TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; CO: cardiac output; HR: heart rate; AV: aortic valve; bpm: beats per minute; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; VTI: velocity time integral; Vmax: maximum velocity in the LVOT; Vmean: mean velocity in the LVOT; PG: pressure gradient; SV: stroke volume; CO: cardiac output.
