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Uptodate Reference Title
Failed primary hemodialysis arteriovenous access
Failed primary hemodialysis arteriovenous access
AV: arteriovenous. * Failed primary AV fistula or AV graft. AV grafts should be evaluated with the first instance of graft failure. ¶ Central catheters for hemodialysis are an access of last resort. Δ AV graft is typically placed in the upper arm and depends on the status of the axillosubclavian veins.
