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Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity
Complications of mannitol therapy
Diuretic-induced hyperuricemia and gout
Diuretics and calcium balance
Effect of diuretics on magnesium handling by the kidney
Ifosfamide nephrotoxicity
Loop diuretics: Dosing and major side effects
Mechanism of action of diuretics
NSAIDs and acetaminophen: Effects on blood pressure and hypertension
NSAIDs: Electrolyte complications
Renal toxicity of lithium
Time course of loop and thiazide diuretic-induced electrolyte complications
Use of diuretics in patients with heart failure
Ascites in adults with cirrhosis: Diuretic-resistant ascites
Ascites in adults with cirrhosis: Initial therapy
Causes and treatment of refractory edema in adults
Clinical manifestations and evaluation of edema in adults
General principles of the treatment of edema in adults
Hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis
Hyponatremia in patients with heart failure
Idiopathic edema
Mechanism of action of diuretics
Natriuretic peptide measurement in heart failure
Pathogenesis of ascites in patients with cirrhosis
Pathophysiology and etiology of edema in adults
Adrenal steroid biosynthesis
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndromes (including chronic licorice ingestion)
Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of hypoaldosteronism (type 4 RTA)
Familial hyperaldosteronism
Pathophysiology and clinical features of primary aldosteronism
Treatment of primary aldosteronism
Diagnostic approach to hypercalcemia
Disorders of the calcium-sensing receptor: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia
Etiology of hypercalcemia
Relation between total and ionized serum calcium concentrations
Treatment of hypercalcemia
Causes and evaluation of hyperkalemia in adults
Clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia in adults
Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of hypoaldosteronism (type 4 RTA)
Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in adrenal insufficiency
Potassium balance in acid-base disorders
Renal effects of ACE inhibitors in heart failure
Treatment and prevention of hyperkalemia in adults
Hypermagnesemia: Causes, symptoms, and treatment
Regulation of magnesium balance
Etiology and evaluation of hypernatremia in adults
General principles of disorders of water balance (hyponatremia and hypernatremia) and sodium balance (hypovolemia and edema)
Manifestations of hyponatremia and hypernatremia in adults
Treatment of hypernatremia in adults
Management of hyperphosphatemia in adults with chronic kidney disease
Overview of the causes and treatment of hyperphosphatemia
Diagnostic approach to hypocalcemia
Disorders of the calcium-sensing receptor: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia
Etiology of hypocalcemia in adults
Relation between total and ionized serum calcium concentrations
Treatment of hypocalcemia
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndromes (including chronic licorice ingestion)
Causes of hypokalemia in adults
Clinical manifestations and treatment of hypokalemia in adults
Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism
Evaluation of the adult patient with hypokalemia
Familial hyperaldosteronism
Genetic disorders of the collecting tubule sodium channel: Liddle's syndrome and pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Hypokalemia-induced kidney dysfunction
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Inherited hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies: Pathophysiology and overview of clinical manifestations
Pathophysiology and clinical features of primary aldosteronism
Potassium balance in acid-base disorders
Treatment of primary aldosteronism
Hypomagnesemia: Causes of hypomagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia: Clinical manifestations of magnesium depletion
Hypomagnesemia: Evaluation and treatment
Regulation of magnesium balance
Significance of hypomagnesemia in cardiovascular disease
Causes of hyponatremia without hypotonicity (including pseudohyponatremia)
Causes of hypotonic hyponatremia in adults
Cerebral salt wasting
Diagnostic evaluation of adults with hyponatremia
Diuretic-induced hyponatremia
Exercise-associated hyponatremia
Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in adrenal insufficiency
Hyponatremia following transurethral resection, hysteroscopy, or other procedures involving electrolyte-free irrigation
Hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis
Hyponatremia in patients with heart failure
Manifestations of hyponatremia and hypernatremia in adults
Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) and overly rapid correction of hyponatremia
Overview of the treatment of hyponatremia in adults
Pathophysiology and etiology of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Treatment of hyponatremia: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and reset osmostat
Hypophosphatemia in the patient with alcohol use disorder
Hypophosphatemia: Causes of hypophosphatemia
Hypophosphatemia: Clinical manifestations of phosphate depletion
Hypophosphatemia: Evaluation and treatment
Ifosfamide nephrotoxicity
Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults: Clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults: Treatment
Maintenance and replacement fluid therapy in adults
Acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities with diarrhea
Approach to the adult with metabolic acidosis
Bicarbonate therapy in lactic acidosis
Causes of lactic acidosis
D-lactic acidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults: Clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis
Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults: Treatment
Etiology and diagnosis of distal (type 1) and proximal (type 2) renal tubular acidosis
Fasting ketosis and alcoholic ketoacidosis
Ifosfamide nephrotoxicity
Methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning: Pharmacology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis
Nephrolithiasis in renal tubular acidosis
Overview and pathophysiology of renal tubular acidosis and the effect on potassium balance
Pathogenesis, consequences, and treatment of metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease
Potassium balance in acid-base disorders
Renal and metabolic complications following urinary diversion
Serum anion gap in conditions other than metabolic acidosis
Simple and mixed acid-base disorders
Strong ions and the analysis of acid-base disturbances (Stewart approach)
The delta anion gap/delta HCO3 ratio in patients with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis
Treatment of distal (type 1) and proximal (type 2) renal tubular acidosis
Urine anion and osmolal gaps in metabolic acidosis
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndromes (including chronic licorice ingestion)
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
Clinical manifestations and evaluation of metabolic alkalosis
Genetic disorders of the collecting tubule sodium channel: Liddle's syndrome and pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
Inherited hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies: Pathophysiology and overview of clinical manifestations
Pathogenesis of metabolic alkalosis
Simple and mixed acid-base disorders
Treatment of metabolic alkalosis
Treatment of primary aldosteronism
Adrenal steroid biosynthesis
Assessment of kidney function
Bartter and Gitelman syndromes in adults: Diagnosis and management
Calculation of the creatinine clearance
Drugs that elevate the serum creatinine concentration
Electrolyte disturbances with HIV infection
Etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of volume depletion in adults
Hepatorenal syndrome
Hypouricemia: Causes and clinical significance
Isopropyl alcohol poisoning
Maintenance and replacement fluid therapy in adults
Natriuretic peptide measurement in heart failure
Renal actions of dopamine
Renal effects of ACE inhibitors in heart failure
Serum osmolal gap
Treatment of severe hypovolemia or hypovolemic shock in adults
Clinical manifestations and causes of central diabetes insipidus
Clinical manifestations and causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Evaluation of patients with polyuria
Renal toxicity of lithium
Treatment of central diabetes insipidus (vasopressin deficiency)
Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Urine output in diabetes insipidus