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What is central spinal cord syndrome? — Central spinal cord syndrome, often called just "central cord syndrome," is the medical term for a set of symptoms that happen when the central portion of the spinal cord is damaged.
In central cord syndrome, the damage to the spinal cord usually happens in the neck. But central cord syndrome can also occur when the spinal cord is damaged lower down, in the back. Central cord syndrome in the neck causes symptoms in the arms and the upper part of the chest (figure 1). People with the condition usually lose some of their ability to sense pain or temperature changes in those body parts. This lack of sensation can affect a person's ability to use their hands and arms. Plus, the person's arms and hands might become weak. In severe cases, the person might have trouble walking and have problems with bladder control.
What causes central cord syndrome? — Central cord syndrome can happen because of an injury involving the neck, or a tumor in the spinal cord. It can also happen in people who have a form of neck arthritis called cervical spondylosis. This is especially likely if they extend their neck too far, as they might during a whiplash injury.
In people with cervical spondylosis, the bones that make up the spine (called the vertebrae) start to wear down. Then they form bumps called bone spurs, which bulge into hollow space where the spinal cord normally sits. As a result, the space for the spinal cord gets smaller. In severe cases or with a neck injury, the bone spurs can squeeze the spinal cord and damage it.
Should I see a doctor or nurse? — Yes. A doctor will need to figure out if your symptoms are from central cord syndrome or some other problem.
If you suddenly develop the symptoms of central cord syndrome, see a doctor or nurse right away. If the symptoms develop suddenly after a fall or injury, call for an ambulance (in the US and Canada, dial 9-1-1).
Will I need tests? — Yes. If you develop the symptoms of central cord syndrome, you will likely need an imaging test, such as an MRI or a CT scan. These tests create detailed pictures of the inside of the body. They can show where the spinal cord is being squeezed or injured.
How is central cord syndrome treated? — That depends on what is causing your central cord syndrome.
If your central cord syndrome is related to cervical spondylosis, your doctor might recommend surgery to remove the bone spurs pressing on your spinal cord. They might also give you medicines called steroids. These steroids are different than the steroids athletes take to build up muscle. These steroids can help reduce swelling in the spinal cord so that it has less permanent damage.
Can central cord syndrome be prevented? — Sometimes. If you have severe cervical spondylosis, your doctor might recommend steps to prevent neck injuries. Here are some things you can do:
●Avoid heavy lifting, active sports, slippery floors, and any activities that put you at risk of falling. Also avoid activities that involve moving your neck a lot.
●Make sure the headrest in your car is positioned at the back of your head, in the right place to keep your head from slamming back.
●Ask your doctor if you should wear a neck brace.
Patient education: Neck pain (The Basics)
Patient education: Whiplash (The Basics)
