| T-score | Bone density |
| +1 to –1 | Normal bone density |
| Bone density that is between 0 and 1 SD below the mean is considered to be normal. This may be reported as a T-score of +1 to –1. Treatment is not usually recommended for people with normal bone density, although preventive measures (eg, calcium supplements, weightbearing exercise) are recommended to prevent osteopenia and osteoporosis. | |
| Between –1 and –2.5 | Osteopenia |
| Bone density that is between 1 and 2.5 SD below the mean is called osteopenia. A person with osteopenia does not yet have osteoporosis but is at risk of developing it if not treated. | |
| –2.5 or less | Osteoporosis |
| Osteoporosis is defined as a BMD 2.5 or more SD below the mean of normal young women. The lower the bone density, the greater the risk of fracture. |
