Minimize production of symptom |
Exercise training (lower- or upper-limb endurance training, neuroelectrical muscle stimulation) |
Breathing techniques (pursed-lips breathing, diaphragmatic breathing) |
Maximize nutrition |
Supplemental oxygen |
Diminish perception of symptom |
Fan blowing cool air on face |
Distraction strategies (imagery, cognitive-behavioral therapy, acupuncture, music, guided imagery) |
Stimulation of respiratory afferent nerves (chest wall vibration) |
Pharmacotherapy (opioids) |
Reduce the impact of symptom |
Energy conservation (advance activity planning, attention to posture and ergonomics) |
Accommodation strategies (change in living arrangement, altered activities, frequent rests) |
Modify the experience of the symptom |
Action plan for exacerbations |
Address patient's interpretation of symptom meaning |
If present, treat associated mood/anxiety disorder |