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Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of dyspnea

Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of dyspnea
Minimize production of symptom
Exercise training (lower- or upper-limb endurance training, neuroelectrical muscle stimulation)
Breathing techniques (pursed-lips breathing, diaphragmatic breathing)
Maximize nutrition
Supplemental oxygen
Diminish perception of symptom
Fan blowing cool air on face
Distraction strategies (imagery, cognitive-behavioral therapy, acupuncture, music, guided imagery)
Stimulation of respiratory afferent nerves (chest wall vibration)
Pharmacotherapy (opioids)
Reduce the impact of symptom
Energy conservation (advance activity planning, attention to posture and ergonomics)
Accommodation strategies (change in living arrangement, altered activities, frequent rests)
Modify the experience of the symptom
Action plan for exacerbations
Address patient's interpretation of symptom meaning
If present, treat associated mood/anxiety disorder
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