Increased capillary hydraulic pressure |
Increased plasma volume due to renal sodium retention |
Heart failure, including cor pulmonale |
Primary renal sodium retention |
- Renal disease, including the nephrotic syndrome
|
- Drugs:* Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, fludrocortisone, thiazolidinediones (glitazones), insulins, estrogens, progestins, androgens, testosterone, aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen; and by multiple mechanisms: vasodilators (hydralazine, minoxidil, diazoxide) and calcium channel blockers (particularly dihydropyridines [ie, amlodipine, nifedipine]); also refer to "Arteriolar vasodilation" below
|
|
|
Pregnancy and premenstrual edema |
Idiopathic edema, when diuretic induced |
Sodium or fluid overload: Parenteral antibiotics or other drugs with large amounts of sodium, sodium bicarbonate, or excessive or overly rapid fluid replacement |
Venous obstruction or insufficiency |
Cirrhosis or hepatic venous obstruction |
Acute pulmonary edema |
Local venous obstruction |
|
|
Chronic venous insufficiency – Post-thrombotic syndrome |
Arteriolar vasodilation |
Drugs:* Frequent – Vasodilators (hydralazine, minoxidil, diazoxide), dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; less frequent – alpha1 blockers, sympatholytics (ie, methyldopa), nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers[1] |
Idiopathic edema |
Hypoalbuminemia |
Protein loss |
Nephrotic syndrome |
Protein-losing enteropathy |
Reduced albumin synthesis |
Liver disease |
Malnutrition |
Increased capillary permeability |
Idiopathic edema |
Burns |
Trauma |
Inflammation or sepsis |
Allergic reactions, including certain forms of angioedema |
Acute respiratory distress syndrome |
Diabetes mellitus |
Interleukin 2 therapy |
Malignant ascites |
Lymphatic obstruction or increased interstitial oncotic pressure |
Lymph node dissection |
Nodal enlargement due to malignancy |
Hypothyroidism |
Malignant ascites |
Other drugs* (uncertain mechanism) |
Anticonvulsant: Gabapentin, pregabalin |
Antineoplastic: Docetaxel, cisplatin |
Antiparkinson: Pramipexole, ropinirole |