Society guideline links: Superficial vein thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism
Introduction — This topic includes links to society and government-sponsored guidelines from selected countries and regions around the world. We will update these links periodically; newer versions of some guidelines may be available on each society's website. Some societies may require users to log in to access their guidelines.
The recommendations in the following guidelines may vary from those that appear in UpToDate topic reviews. Readers who are looking for UpToDate topic reviews should use the UpToDate search box to find the relevant content.
International
●International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH): Published guidance
•Guidance for the prevention and management of asparaginase-related venous thromboembolism in adults (2020)
•Guidance for the use of direct oral anticoagulants for primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients (2019)
•Guidance for the management of cancer-associated thrombosis in patients with thrombocytopenia (2018)
•Guidance for the role of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of cancer‐associated venous thromboembolism (2018)
•Guidance on the utility of viscoelastic methods in the prevention and treatment of bleeding and hospital-associated venous thromboembolism in perioperative care (2018)
•Guidance for the identification of at-risk patients and prevention of venous thromboembolism in pediatric cancer (2017)
•Guidance for the categorization of patients as having provoked or unprovoked venous thromboembolism (2016)
•Guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of incidental venous thromboembolism in cancer patients (2015)
•Guidance for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in cancer outpatients (2014)
•Guidance for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medical cancer patients (2014)
•Guidance on catheter-associated deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity in cancer patients (2014)
•Guidance for the diagnosis of symptomatic recurrent pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis (2013)
•Guidance for the management of challenging cases of patients with cancer-associated thrombosis including recurrent thrombosis and bleeding (2013)
•Guidance for the duration of anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of an unprovoked pulmonary embolus or deep vein thrombosis (2012)
●American Society of Hematology (ASH), Associação Brasileira de Hematologia, Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular (ABHH), Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología (ACHO), Grupo Cooperativo Argentino de Hemostasia y Trombosis (Grupo CAHT), Grupo Cooperativo Latinoamericano de Hemostasia y Trombosis (Grupo CLAHT), Sociedad Argentina de Hematología (SAH), Sociedad Boliviana de Hematología y Hemoterapia (SBHH), Sociedad de Hematología del Uruguay (SHU), Sociedad Chilena de Hematología (SOCHIHEM), Sociedad Mexicana de Trombosis y Hemostasia (SOMETH), Sociedad Panameña de Hematología, Sociedad Peruana de Hematología, and Sociedad Venezolana de Hematología (SVH): Guidelines for prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical and medical patients and long-distance travelers in Latin America (2022)
●International Initiative on Thrombosis and Cancer (ITAC): International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer, including patients with COVID-19 (2022)
●European Venous Forum (EVF), North American Thrombosis Forum (NATF), International Union of Angiology (IUA), and International Union of Phlebology (UIP): Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism – International consensus statement (guidelines according to scientific evidence) (2013)
●Traveller's thrombosis – International consensus statement (2008)
Canada
●Choosing Wisely Canada: Don't do a workup for clotting disorders (hypercoagulability testing) for patients who develop first episode of DVT in the setting of a known precipitant (2022)
●Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC): Clinical practice guideline for prevention of venous thromboembolic disease in gynaecological surgery (2022)
●Choosing Wisely Canada: Don't order CT pulmonary angiograms or VQ scans in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism until risk stratification with decision rule has been applied and when indicated, D-dimer biomarker results are obtained (2021)
●Choosing Wisely Canada: Don't perform chest computed tomography (CT angiography) or ventilation-perfusion scanning to evaluate for possible pulmonary embolism in patients with a low clinical probability and negative results of a highly sensitive D-dimer assay (2021)
●Choosing Wisely Canada: Don't use a computed tomography angiogram (CTA) to diagnose pulmonary embolism in young patients, particularly women, with a normal chest radiograph; consider a radionuclide lung study ("V\Q study") instead (2021)
●Thrombosis Canada: Clinical guides (2021)
•Cancer and thrombosis
•Central venous catheter-related deep vein thrombosis
•Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) – Diagnosis
•Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) – Treatment
•Pregnancy – Diagnosis of DVT and PE
•Pregnancy – Venous thromboembolism treatment
•Pulmonary embolism (PE) – Diagnosis
•Pulmonary embolism (PE) – Treatment
•Superficial thrombophlebitis, superficial vein thrombosis
•Thromboprophylaxis – Hospitalized medical patients
•Thromboprophylaxis – Non-orthopedic surgery
•Thromboprophylaxis – Orthopedic surgery
•Venous thromboembolism – Duration of treatment
●Canadian Thoracic Society (CTS): Clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, update (2019)
●SOGC: Clinical practice guideline on venous thromboembolism and antithrombotic therapy in pregnancy (2014)
United States
●American College of Radiology (ACR): ACR Appropriateness Criteria on suspected pulmonary embolism (2022)
●American Society of Hematology (ASH), Associação Brasileira de Hematologia, Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular (ABHH), Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología (ACHO), Grupo Cooperativo Argentino de Hemostasia y Trombosis (Grupo CAHT), Grupo Cooperativo Latinoamericano de Hemostasia y Trombosis (Grupo CLAHT), Sociedad Argentina de Hematología (SAH), Sociedad Boliviana de Hematología y Hemoterapia (SBHH), Sociedad de Hematología del Uruguay (SHU), Sociedad Chilena de Hematología (SOCHIHEM), Sociedad Mexicana de Trombosis y Hemostasia (SOMETH), Sociedad Panameña de Hematología, Sociedad Peruana de Hematología, and Sociedad Venezolana de Hematología (SVH): Guidelines for prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical and medical patients and long-distance travelers in Latin America (2022)
●American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST): Guideline and expert panel report on antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease, second update (2021)
●American Society of Hematology (ASH): Clinical practice guidelines on venous thromboembolism
•Treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (2020)
•Prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical hospitalized patients (2019)
•Diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (2018)
•Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (2018)
•Optimal management of anticoagulation therapy (2018)
•Prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients (2018)
•Treatment of pediatric venous thromboembolism (2018)
•Venous thromboembolism in the context of pregnancy (2018)
●Choosing Wisely: Don't order a factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation assay as the initial test to identify a congenital cause for a thrombotic event. First, order a phenotypic activated protein C resistance (APCR) ratio assay (2020)
●Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR): Clinical practice guideline for inferior vena cava filters in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolic disease (2020)
●ACR: ACR Appropriateness Criteria on radiologic management of iliofemoral venous thrombosis (2019)
●ACR: ACR Appropriateness Criteria on suspected upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (2019)
●American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO): Clinical practice guideline on venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer, update (2019)
●American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP): Clinical policy on critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected acute venous thromboembolic disease (2018)
●American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG): Practice bulletin on thromboembolism in pregnancy (2018)
●ACR: ACR Appropriateness Criteria on radiologic management of venous thromboembolism – Inferior vena cava filters (2018)
●ACR: ACR Appropriateness Criteria on suspected lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (2018)
●American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS): Clinical practice guideline for the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease in colorectal surgery (2018)
●Choosing Wisely: Avoid routine use of pharmacologic DVT prophylaxis in elective foot and ankle surgery (2018)
●Choosing Wisely: Don't routinely use graduated compression stockings in surgical patients as mechanical prophylaxis for preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) after surgery, but do consider using intermittent pneumatic compression devices (2018)
●SIR: Position statement on catheter-directed therapy for acute pulmonary embolism (2018)
●Choosing Wisely: Don't image for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) without moderate or high pre-test probability of PE (2017)
●ACR/SIR/Society of Pediatric Radiology (SPR): Practice parameter for the performance of inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement for the prevention of pulmonary embolism (2016)
●American College of Phlebology (ACP): Practice guidelines for the treatment of superficial venous disease of the lower leg (2015, revised 2016)
●American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM): Combined hormonal contraception and the risk of venous thromboembolism – A guideline (2016)
●American Physical Therapy Association (APTA): Role of physical therapists in the management of individuals at risk for or diagnosed with venous thromboembolism – Evidence-based clinical practice guideline (2016)
●Neurocritical Care Society (NCS): Evidence-based guideline on prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in neurocritical care patients – A statement for healthcare professionals (2016)
●Choosing Wisely: Don't use IVC filters as primary prevention of pulmonary emboli in the absence of an extremity clot or prior pulmonary embolus (2015)
●Choosing Wisely: Don't recommend bed rest following diagnosis of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after the initiation of anti-coagulation therapy, unless significant medical concerns are present (2014)
●Choosing Wisely: Don't treat with an anticoagulant for more than three months in a patient with a first venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurring in the setting of a major transient risk factor (2014)
●SIR and Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE): Quality improvement guidelines for the treatment of lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis with use of endovascular thrombus removal (2014)
●American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF)/ACR/American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM)/American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)/Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC)/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI)/Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery (SCVS)/SIR/Society for Vascular Medicine (SVM)/Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS)/Society for Vascular Ultrasound (SVU): Appropriate use criteria for peripheral vascular ultrasound and physiological testing – Part II: Testing for venous disease and evaluation of hemodialysis access (2013)
●American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS): Updated position statement on prophylactic measures to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism in bariatric surgery patients (2013)
●Choosing Wisely: Avoid performing routine post-operative deep vein thrombosis ultrasonography screening in patients who undergo elective hip or knee arthroplasty (2013)
●Choosing Wisely: Avoid using a computed tomography angiogram to diagnose pulmonary embolism in young women with a normal chest radiograph; consider a radionuclide lung study ("V/Q study") instead (2013)
●Choosing Wisely: Don't do work up for clotting disorder (order hypercoagulable testing) for patients who develop first episode of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the setting of a known cause (2013)
●Choosing Wisely: Don't test for thrombophilia in adult patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurring in the setting of major transient risk factors (surgery, trauma or prolonged immobility) (2013)
●Choosing Wisely: Don't use inferior vena cava (IVC) filters routinely in patients with acute VTE (2013)
●European Venous Forum (EVF), North American Thrombosis Forum (NATF), International Union of Angiology (IUA), and International Union of Phlebology (UIP): Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism – International consensus statement (guidelines according to scientific evidence) (2013)
●CHEST: Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th edition (2012)
●Choosing Wisely: In patients with low pretest probability of venous thromboembolism (VTE), obtain a high-sensitive D-dimer measurement as the initial diagnostic test; don't obtain imaging studies as the initial diagnostic test (2012)
●SVS and American Venous Forum (AVF): Clinical practice guidelines on early thrombus removal strategies for acute deep venous thrombosis (2012)
●American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS): Preventing venous thromboembolic disease in patients undergoing elective hip and knee arthroplasty – Evidence-based guideline and evidence report (2011)
●American Heart Association (AHA): Scientific statement on the management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (2011)
●American Thoracic Society (ATS)/Society of Thoracic Radiology (STR): Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism in pregnancy (2011)
●SIR: Quality improvement guidelines for the performance of inferior vena cava filter placement for the prevention of pulmonary embolism (2011)
●ACOG: Practice bulletin for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (2007)
●SIR: Position statement on the treatment of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis with use of adjunctive catheter-directed intrathrombus thrombolysis (2006)
Europe
●European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Clinical practice guidelines on the management of venous thrombosis (2021)
●European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Respiratory Society (ERS): Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism (2019)
●ESC: A joint consensus document on the diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis (2017)
●European Stroke Organisation (ESO): Guidelines for prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in immobile patients with acute ischaemic stroke (2016)
●Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) and Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE): Quality improvement guidelines for the treatment of lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis with use of endovascular thrombus removal (2014)
●European Venous Forum (EVF), North American Thrombosis Forum (NATF), International Union of Angiology (IUA), and International Union of Phlebology (UIP): Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism – International consensus statement (guidelines according to scientific evidence) (2013)
●European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO): Clinical practice guidelines for the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients (2011)
●European Federation of the Neurological Societies (EFNS): Guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in adult patients (2010)
United Kingdom
●National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE): Quality standard on venous thromboembolism in adults (2021)
●NICE: Clinical guideline on venous thromboembolic diseases – Diagnosis, management, and thrombophilia testing (2020)
●NICE: Guideline on venous thromboembolism in over 16s – Reducing the risk of hospital-acquired deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (2018, updated 2019)
●NICE: Interventional procedures guidance for percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy for acute deep vein thrombosis of the leg (2019)
●British Thoracic Society (BTS): Guideline for the initial outpatient management of pulmonary embolism (PE) (2018)
●British Society of Haematology (BSH): Guideline on aspects of cancer-related venous thrombosis (2015)
●NICE: Interventional procedures guidance for ultrasound-enhanced, catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep vein thrombosis (2015)
●NICE: Interventional procedures guidance for ultrasound-enhanced, catheter-directed thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism (2015)
●Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG): Green-top guideline on reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium, 3rd edition (2015)
●RCOG: Green-top guideline on thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the puerperium – Acute management, 3rd edition (2015)
●Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN): Prevention and management of venous thromboembolism – A national clinical guideline (2014)
●BSH: Guidelines on the investigation and management of venous thrombosis at unusual sites (2012)
●BSH: Guidelines on travel-related venous thrombosis (2010)
Australia-New Zealand
●Queensland Health: Maternity and neonatal clinical guideline on venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in pregnancy and the puerperium (2020)
●Choosing Wisely Australia: Do not conduct thrombophilia testing in adult patients under the age of 50 years unless the first episode of venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs in the absence of major transient risk factors (surgery, trauma, immobility), occurs in the absence of oestrogen-provocation, or occurs at an unusual site (2015)
●Choosing Wisely Australia: Do not extend anticoagulation beyond 3 months for a patient with a non-extensive, index venous thromboembolic event (VTE), which occurred in the presence of a major, transient risk factor (2015)
●Asia-Pacific Thrombosis Advisory Board (APTAB): Consensus paper on prevention of venous thromboembolism after major orthopaedic surgery (2010)
Japan
●[In Japanese] Japanese Circulation Society (JCS): Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pulmonary thromboembolism and deep vein thrombosis, update (2020)
●[In Japanese] JCS: Statement for balloon pulmonary angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (2014)
●[In English] Asia-Pacific Thrombosis Advisory Board (APTAB): Consensus paper on prevention of venous thromboembolism after major orthopaedic surgery (2010)
