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DIRE Score: Patient selection for chronic opioid analgesia

DIRE Score: Patient selection for chronic opioid analgesia
For each factor, rate the patient's score from 1 to 3 based on the explanations in the right-hand column
Score Factor Explanation
  Diagnosis 1 = Benign chronic condition with minimal objective findings or no definite medical diagnosis (eg, fibromyalgia, migraine headaches, nonspecific back pain)
2 = Slowly progressive condition concordant with moderate pain, or fixed condition with moderate objective findings (eg, failed back surgery syndrome, back pain with moderate degenerative changes, neuropathic pain)
3 = Advanced condition concordant with severe pain with objective findings (eg, severe ischemic vascular disease, advanced neuropathy, severe spinal stenosis)
  Intractability 1 = Few therapies have been tried and the patient takes a passive role in his/her pain management process
2 = Most customary treatments have been tried, but the patient is not fully engaged in the pain management process, or barriers prevent (eg, insurance, transportation, medical illness)
3 = Patient fully engaged in a spectrum of appropriate treatments, but with inadequate response
  Risk R = Total of P + C + R + S
  Psychological 1 = Serious personality dysfunction or mental illness interfering with care (eg, personality disorder, severe affective disorder, significant personality issues)
2 = Personality or mental health interferes moderately (eg, depression or anxiety disorder)
3 = Good communication with clinic; no significant personality dysfunction or mental illness
Chemical health 1 = Active or very recent use of illicit drugs, excessive alcohol, or prescription drug abuse
2 = Chemical coper (uses medications to cope with stress) or history of CD in remission
3 = No CD history; not drug-focused or chemically reliant
Reliability 1 = History of numerous problems (eg, medication misuse, missed appointments, rarely follows through)
2 = Occasional difficulties with compliance, but generally reliable
3 = Highly reliable patient with medications, appointments, and treatment
Social support 1 = Life in chaos (eg, little family support and few close relationships, loss of most normal life roles)
2 = Reduction in some relationships and life roles
3 = Supportive family/close relationships; involved in work or school and no social isolation
  Efficacy 1 = Poor function or minimal pain relief despite moderate to high doses
2 = Moderate benefit with function improved in a number of ways (or insufficient info – hasn't tried opioid yet, or very low doses, or too short of a trial)
3 = Good improvement in pain and function and quality of life with stable doses over time
  Total score = D + I + R + E
Score 7 to 13 = Not a suitable candidate for long-term opioid analgesia.
Score 14 to 21 = May be a candidate for long-term opioid analgesia.
CD: chemical dependency.
Reproduced with permission. Copyright © 2005 Miles Belgrade, MD. All rights reserved.
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