In many trials of antiarrhythmic therapy for non–life-threatening arrhythmias, active antiarrhythmic therapy has resulted in increased mortality; the risk of active therapy is probably greatest in patients with structural heart disease.
In the case of quinidine used to prevent or defer recurrence of atrial flutter/fibrillation, the best available data come from a meta-analysis. In the patients studied in the analyzed trials, the mortality associated with the use of quinidine was more than 3 times as great as the mortality associated with the use of placebo.
Another meta-analysis showed that in patients with various non–life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, the mortality associated with the use of quinidine was consistently greater than that associated with the use of any of a variety of alternative antiarrhythmics.
Note: Quinidine injection has been discontinued in the United States for more than 1 year.
Note: Dosage expressed in terms of the salt: 267 mg of quinidine gluconate = 200 mg of quinidine sulfate.
Atrial fibrillation/flutter, pharmacological conversion: Oral: Note: Discontinue use if at any time during therapy, the QRS complex widens to 130% of its pretreatment duration, the QTc interval widens to 130% of its pretreatment duration and is >500 msecs, P waves disappear, or the patient develops significant tachycardia, symptomatic bradycardia, or hypotension; consider other means of cardioversion (eg direct current cardioversion). Discontinue if sinus rhythm is not restored in a reasonable amount of time. For patients with structural heart disease or other risk factors for toxicity, initiate or dose-adjust in a setting where continuous monitoring and resuscitation are available. Monitor patients for 2 to 3 days once the appropriate dose has been achieved.
Immediate-release formulation: Quinidine sulfate: Initial: 400 mg/dose every 6 hours; if after 4 or 5 doses there is no conversion, may increase cautiously to desired effect
Extended-release formulation:
Quinidine gluconate: Initial: 648 mg every 8 hours; if after 3 or 4 doses there is no conversion, may increase cautiously to desired effect.
or
Initial: 324 mg every 8 hours for 2 days; then 648 mg every 12 hours for 2 days; then 648 mg every 8 hours for up to 4 days. The 4 day stretch may come at one of the lower doses if a lower dose is the highest tolerated dosing regimen.
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation/flutter, maintenance of sinus rhythm: Oral: Note: Reduce total daily dose if at any time during therapy, the QRS complex widens to 130% of its pretreatment duration, the QTc interval widens to 130% of its pretreatment duration and is >500 msecs, P waves disappear, or the patient develops significant tachycardia, symptomatic bradycardia, or hypotension. For patients with structural heart disease or other risk factors for toxicity, initiate or dose-adjust in a setting where continuous monitoring and resuscitation are available. Monitor patients for 2 to 3 days once the appropriate dose has been achieved.
Immediate-release formulation: Quinidine sulfate: Initial: 200 mg every 6 hours; may increase cautiously to desired effect.
Extended-release formulation: Quinidine gluconate: Initial: 324 mg every 8 to 12 hours; the dose may be increased cautiously to desired effect. Usual dose range: 324 to 648 mg every 8 hours (AHA/ACC/HRS [January 2014]).
Malaria (severe), treatment : IV (quinidine gluconate): 10 mg/kg infused over 60 to 120 minutes followed by 0.02 mg/kg/minute continuous infusion for ≥24 hours; alternatively, may administer 24 mg/kg loading dose over 4 hours, followed by 12 mg/kg over 4 hours every 8 hours (beginning 8 hours after initiation of the loading dose); complete treatment with oral quinine once parasite density <1% and patient can receive oral medication; total duration of treatment (quinidine/quinine): 3 days (Africa or South America) or 7 days (Southeast Asia); use in combination with doxycycline, tetracycline, or clindamycin (CDC malaria guidelines, 2009). Note: Close monitoring, including telemetry, required.
Ventricular arrhythmias (off-label dose): Oral: Note: Dosing regimens for suppression of ventricular arrhythmias have not been adequately studied. Reduce total daily dose if at any time during therapy, the QRS complex widens to 130% of its pretreatment duration, the QTc interval widens to 130% of its pretreatment duration and is >500 msecs, P waves disappear, or the patient develops significant tachycardia, symptomatic bradycardia, or hypotension. For patients with structural heart disease or other risk factors for toxicity, initiate or dose-adjust in a setting where continuous monitoring and resuscitation are available. Monitor patients for 2 to 3 days once the appropriate dose has been achieved.
Immediate-release formulation: Quinidine sulfate: Initial: 200 mg every 6 hours; may increase dose cautiously up to 600 mg every 6 to 12 hours (AHA/ACC/HRS [Al-Khatib 2017]).
Extended-release formulation: Quinidine gluconate: Initial: 324 mg every 8 to 12 hours; may increase dose cautiously up to 648 mg every 8 to 12 hours (AHA/ACC/HRS [Al-Khatib 2017]).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
No dosage adjustment provided in manufacturer’s labeling. Use with caution. The following guidelines have been used by some clinicians (Aronoff 2007): Oral:
CrCl ≥10 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary.
CrCl <10 mL/minute: Administer 75% of normal dose.
Hemodialysis: Dose following hemodialysis.
Peritoneal dialysis: Supplemental dose is not necessary.
CRRT: No dosage adjustment required; monitor serum concentrations.
No dosage adjustment provided in manufacturer’s labeling. Use with caution due to reduced clearance.
(For additional information see "Quinidine: Pediatric drug information")
Note: Quinidine is available in gluconate and sulfate salt formulations which are not interchangeable on a mg per mg basis, due to differences in the amount of quinidine base supplied; 267 mg of quinidine gluconate equals 200 mg of quinidine sulfate. Doses are expressed in terms of salt (gluconate or sulfate), not base. Quinidine injection has been discontinued in the US for >1 year.
Malaria, treatment (severe, life-threatening): Infants, Children, and Adolescents: IV: Quinidine gluconate: 10 mg/kg infused over 60 to 120 minutes, followed by 0.02 mg/kg/minute continuous infusion for ≥24 hours; alternatively, may administer 24 mg/kg loading dose over 4 hours, followed by 12 mg/kg over 4 hours every 8 hours (beginning 8 hours after loading dose). Change to oral quinine once parasite density is <1% and patient can receive oral medication to complete treatment course; total duration of treatment (quinidine/quinine): 3 days in Africa or South America; 7 days in Southeast Asia; use in combination with doxycycline, tetracycline, or clindamycin; omit quinidine loading dose if patient received >40 mg/kg of quinine in preceding 48 hours or mefloquine within preceding 12 hours (CDC 2013). Note: Close monitoring, including telemetry, is required; if severe cardiac adverse effects occur, infusion rate may need to be decreased or drug temporarily discontinued.
Tachyarrhythmias, including supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and ventricular tachycardia: Children and Adolescents: Limited data available; not considered first-line therapy (Bozic 2018; Ramesh Iyer 2008):
Oral: Quinidine sulfate, immediate release: Usual dose: 30 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 6 hours; more frequent dosing may be necessary due to the increased clearance seen in pediatric patients; range: 15 to 60 mg/kg/day; maximum adult daily dose: 2,400 mg/day (Kliegman 2016; Nelson 1996; Park 2014; Szefler 1982).
IV: Not recommended; use with extreme caution: Quinidine gluconate: 2 to 10 mg/kg/dose every 3 to 6 hours as needed (Nelson 1996; Park 2014). Note: Dosing has not been evaluated in clinical trials.
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
There are no specific recommendations in the manufacturer’s labeling; use with caution; based on experience in adult patients, dosing adjustment suggested
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer’s labeling; use with caution; hepatic impairment decreases clearance.
Oral: Refer to adult dosing.
IV: Refer to adult dosing. Initiate therapy at the low end of the dosage range.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product
Solution, Injection, as gluconate:
Generic: 80 mg/mL (10 mL [DSC])
Tablet, Oral, as sulfate:
Generic: 200 mg, 300 mg
Tablet Extended Release, Oral, as gluconate:
Generic: 324 mg
Yes
Quinidine injection has been discontinued in the United States for more than 1 year.
Oral: Do not crush, chew, or break sustained-release dosage forms. Some preparations of quinidine gluconate ER tablets may be split in half to facilitate dosage titration; tablets are not scored.
Bariatric surgery: Tablet, extended release: Some institutions may have specific protocols that conflict with these recommendations; refer to institutional protocols as appropriate. IR tablet formulation is available. If safety and efficacy can be effectively monitored, no change in formulation or administration is required after bariatric surgery; however, selection of IR formulation should be strongly considered for cardiovascular and other high-risk labeled and off-label indications for quinidine.
IV: Quinidine gluconate: Administer by IV infusion with continuous ECG and blood pressure monitoring. IM administration is not recommended. Minimize use of PVC tubing to enhance bioavailability; shorter tubing lengths are recommended by the manufacturer
Oral: Administer with water on an empty stomach, but may administer with food or milk to decrease GI upset; best to administer in a consistent manner with regards to meals and around-the-clock to promote less variation in peak and trough serum concentrations; swallow extended-release tablets whole, do not chew or crush; some preparations of quinidine gluconate extended-release tablets may be split in half to facilitate dosage titration; tablets are not scored.
Parenteral: Quinidine gluconate: Note: Minimize use of PVC tubing to enhance bioavailability (quinidine may be significantly adsorbed to polyvinyl chloride tubing); shorter tubing lengths are recommended by the manufacturer.
Malaria: IV: Infusion duration of load and subsequent doses are determined by regimen used, refer to dosing for specific details.
Arrhythmia: Intermittent IV infusion: After dilution, infuse slowly via an infusion pump; maximum rate: 0.25 mg/kg/minute; monitor ECG along with closely monitoring patient for possible hypersensitivity or idiosyncratic reactions. Note: The use of IV quinidine gluconate for these indications has been replaced by more effective/safer antiarrhythmic agents.
IV infusion: Quinidine gluconate: 800 mg in 50 mL (concentration: 16 mg/mL) of D5W
Quinidine gluconate and sulfate salts: Conversion and prevention of relapse into atrial fibrillation and/or flutter; suppression of ventricular arrhythmias. Note: Due to proarrhythmic effects, use should be reserved for life-threatening arrhythmias. Moreover, the use of quinidine has largely been replaced by more effective/safer antiarrhythmic agents and/or nonpharmacologic therapies (eg, radiofrequency ablation).
Quinidine gluconate (IV formulation): Conversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter and ventricular tachycardia. Note: The use of IV quinidine gluconate for these indications has been replaced by more effective/safer antiarrhythmic agents (eg, amiodarone and procainamide).
Guideline recommendation: Ventricular arrhythmias: Based on the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Rhythm Society (AHA/ACC/HRS) patients with Brugada syndrome with or without an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) experiencing symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias are recommended to receive intensification of therapy with quinidine or catheter ablation (AHA/ACC/HRS [Al-Khatib 2017]; Belhassen 2015). Patients with short QT syndrome and recurrent sustained ventricular arrhythmias may benefit from treatment with quinidine (AHA/ACC/HRS [Al-Khatib 2017]).
Quinidine gluconate (IV formulation): Treatment of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum)
QuiNIDine may be confused with cloNIDine, quiNINE
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) includes this medication (IV formulation) among its list of drug classes which have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error.
The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.
Frequency not always defined.
Cardiovascular: Palpitations (7%), angina pectoris (6%), cardiac arrhythmia (3%; new or worsened; proarrhythmic effect), ECG abnormality (3%), cerebral ischemia (2%), prolonged QT interval on ECG (modest prolongation is common; however, excessive prolongation is rare and indicates toxicity), syncope
Central nervous system: Dizziness (3% to 15%), fatigue (7%), headache (3% to 7%), disturbed sleep (3%), nervousness (2%), ataxia (1%)
Dermatologic: Skin rash (5% to 6%)
Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (24% to 35%), gastrointestinal distress (upper; 22%), nausea and vomiting (3%), esophagitis
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Weakness (2% to 5%), tremor (2%)
Ophthalmic: Visual disturbance (3%)
Miscellaneous: Fever (6%)
<1%, postmarketing, and/or case reports: Acute psychosis, agranulocytosis, angioedema, arthralgia, bradycardia (exacerbated, in sick sinus syndrome), bronchospasm, cerebrovascular insufficiency (possibly resulting in ataxia, apprehension, and seizure), cinchonism (may include tinnitus, high-frequency hearing loss, deafness, vertigo, blurred vision, diplopia, photophobia, headache, confusion, and delirium; usually associated with chronic toxicity but may occur after brief exposure to a moderate dose), depression, dyschromia, exfoliative dermatitis, flushing, granulomatous hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, hepatotoxicity (rare), hypotension, immune thrombocytopenia, increased creatine phosphokinase, lupus-like syndrome, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, mydriasis, nocturnal amblyopia, optic neuritis, pneumonitis, pruritus, psoriasiform eruption, scotoma, skin photosensitivity, Sjogren’s syndrome, thrombocytopenia, torsades de pointes, urticaria, uveitis, vasculitis, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia (including paradoxical, during atrial fibrillation/flutter), visual field loss, vision color changes
Hypersensitivity to quinidine or any component of the formulation; thrombocytopenia; thrombocytopenic purpura; myasthenia gravis; heart block greater than first degree; idioventricular conduction delays (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker); those adversely affected by anticholinergic activity; concurrent use of quinolone antibiotics which prolong QT interval, cisapride, amprenavir, or ritonavir
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Hepatotoxicity: Has been associated with severe hepatotoxic reactions, including granulomatous hepatitis.
• Hypersensitivity reactions: With use, hypersensitivity reactions may occur.
• Proarrhythmic effects: Monitor for proarrhythmic effects; may cause QT prolongation and subsequent torsade de pointes. Monitor and adjust dose to prevent QTc prolongation. Avoid use in patients with diagnosed or suspected congenital long QT syndrome.
Disease-related concerns:
• Arrhythmias: Appropriate use: [US Boxed Warning]: Antiarrhythmic drugs have not been shown to enhance survival in non-life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and may increase mortality; the risk is greatest with structural heart disease. Quinidine may increase mortality in treatment of atrial fibrillation/flutter.
• Atrial fibrillation/flutter: May increase ventricular response rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter; control AV conduction before initiating.
• Conduction disturbances: Use with caution in patients at risk for heart block; can unmask sick sinus syndrome (causes bradycardia).
• Electrolyte imbalance: Correct electrolyte disturbances, especially hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, prior to use and throughout therapy.
• G6PD deficiency: Hemolysis may occur in patients with G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) deficiency.
• Left ventricular dysfunction/heart failure (HF): Use with caution in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction; may precipitate or exacerbate condition.
• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
Dosage form specific issues:
• Different salts: Do not interchange the different salt products.
Other warnings/precautions:
• CAST trial: In the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST), recent (>6 days but <2 years ago) myocardial infarction patients with asymptomatic, non-life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias did not benefit and may have been harmed by attempts to suppress the arrhythmia with flecainide or encainide. An increased mortality or nonfatal cardiac arrest rate (7.7%) was seen in the active treatment group compared with patients in the placebo group (3%). The applicability of the CAST results to other populations is unknown. Antiarrhythmic agents should be reserved for patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
Substrate of CYP2C9 (minor), CYP2E1 (minor), CYP3A4 (major), P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 (minor); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential; Inhibits CYP2D6 (strong), CYP3A4 (weak), P-glycoprotein/ABCB1
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Aclidinium: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination
Afatinib: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Afatinib. Management: If combined, administer the P-gp inhibitor simultaneously with, or after, the dose of afatinib. Monitor closely for signs and symptoms of afatinib toxicity and if the combination is not tolerated, reduce the afatinib dose by 10 mg. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Ajmaline: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk) may increase the serum concentration of Ajmaline. Risk X: Avoid combination
Aliskiren: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Aliskiren. Risk C: Monitor therapy
ALPRAZolam: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of ALPRAZolam. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amantadine: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of QuiNIDine. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of Amantadine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Aminolevulinic Acid (Systemic): Photosensitizing Agents may enhance the photosensitizing effect of Aminolevulinic Acid (Systemic). Risk X: Avoid combination
Aminolevulinic Acid (Topical): Photosensitizing Agents may enhance the photosensitizing effect of Aminolevulinic Acid (Topical). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amiodarone: QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Amiodarone. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, consider dose reductions of the class IA antiarrhythmic (30% to 50%) and monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Amisulpride (Oral): QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Amisulpride (Oral). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even greater risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Amitriptyline: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Amitriptyline. CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Amitriptyline. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amoxapine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Amoxapine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amphetamines: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Amphetamines. Management: Monitor for amphetamine toxicities (including serotonin syndrome) if used with a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Initiate amphetamine therapy at lower doses, monitor frequently, and adjust doses as needed. Discontinue amphetamines if serotoinin syndrome occurs. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Antacids: May decrease the excretion of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Anticholinergic Agents: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Anticholinergic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
ARIPiprazole: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of ARIPiprazole. Management: Aripiprazole dose reductions are required for indications other than major depressive disorder. Dose reductions vary based on formulation, initial starting dose, and the additional use of CYP3A4 inhibitors. See full interaction monograph for details. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
ARIPiprazole Lauroxil: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of ARIPiprazole Lauroxil. Management: Decrease aripiprazole lauroxil dose to next lower strength if used with strong CYP2D6 inhibitors for over 14 days. No dose adjustment needed if using the lowest dose (441 mg) or if a CYP2D6 PM. Max dose is 441 mg if also taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Atazanavir: May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Atomoxetine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Atomoxetine. Management: Initiate atomoxetine at a reduced dose (patients who weigh up to 70 kg: 0.5 mg/kg/day; adults or patients who weigh 70 kg or more: 40 mg/day) in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Increase to usual target dose after 4 weeks if needed. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Azithromycin (Systemic): QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Azithromycin (Systemic). Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Benzhydrocodone: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Benzhydrocodone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Berotralstat: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Berotralstat. Management: Decrease the berotralstat dose to 110 mg daily when combined with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Bilastine: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Bilastine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Botulinum Toxin-Containing Products: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Brexpiprazole: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Brexpiprazole. Management: Reduce brexpiprazole dose to 50% of usual with strong CYP2D6 inhibitors, reduce to 25% of usual if used with both a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and a strong or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor; these recommendations do not apply if treating major depressive disorder Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Broom: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Broom. Specifically, the concentrations of sparteine, a constituent of broom, may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cannabinoid-Containing Products: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the tachycardic effect of Cannabinoid-Containing Products. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CarBAMazepine: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of CarBAMazepine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Carbetocin: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Cardiac Glycosides: QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of Cardiac Glycosides. Management: Measure cardiac glycoside serum concentrations before initiating treatment with quinidine. Reduce cardiac glycoside concentrations by either reducing the dose by 30% to 50% or by modifying the dosing frequency. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Carvedilol: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Carvedilol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Celiprolol: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Celiprolol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ceritinib: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Ceritinib. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Chloral Betaine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Chloroquine: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Chloroquine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Chlorpheniramine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Chlorpheniramine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cimetidine: May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cimetropium: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Cimetropium. Risk X: Avoid combination
Citalopram: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Citalopram. Risk X: Avoid combination
Clarithromycin: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Clarithromycin. Risk X: Avoid combination
Clofazimine: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Clofazimine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
ClomiPRAMINE: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
CloZAPine: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of QuiNIDine. CloZAPine may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Codeine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Codeine. These CYP2D6 inhibitors may prevent the metabolic conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Colchicine: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Colchicine. Colchicine distribution into certain tissues (e.g., brain) may also be increased. Management: Colchicine is contraindicated in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function who are also receiving a P-gp inhibitor. In those with normal renal and hepatic function, reduce colchicine dose as directed. See interaction monograph for details. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Crizotinib: QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Crizotinib. Crizotinib may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). Crizotinib may increase the serum concentration of QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
CycloSPORINE (Systemic): P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of CycloSPORINE (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
CycloSPORINE (Systemic): CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of CycloSPORINE (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May decrease the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dabigatran Etexilate: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Dabigatran Etexilate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dabrafenib: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. Dabrafenib may decrease the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, and reduced quinidine efficacy. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Dapoxetine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Dapoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dasatinib: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Dasatinib. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Desipramine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Desipramine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Deutetrabenazine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Deutetrabenazine. Management: The total daily dose of deutetrabenazine should not exceed 36 mg, and the maximum single dose of deutetrabenazine should not exceed 18 mg, with concurrent use of a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Dextromethorphan: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Dextromethorphan. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Diamorphine: QuiNIDine may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Diamorphine. Management: Use caution and reduce the diamorphine dose during coadministration with quinidine. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Dihydrocodeine: QuiNIDine may diminish the analgesic effect of Dihydrocodeine. Specifically, quinidine may prevent the metabolic conversion of dihydrocodeine to its active metabolite Risk C: Monitor therapy
Domperidone: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Domperidone. Risk X: Avoid combination
Doxepin-Containing Products: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Doxepin-Containing Products. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
DOXOrubicin (Conventional): CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of DOXOrubicin (Conventional). Risk X: Avoid combination
DOXOrubicin (Conventional): P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of DOXOrubicin (Conventional). Risk X: Avoid combination
DOXOrubicin (Liposomal): P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of DOXOrubicin (Liposomal). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Droperidol: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Droperidol. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
DULoxetine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Edoxaban: QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of Edoxaban. Management: In patients treated for DVT/PE, reduce the edoxaban dose to 30 mg daily when combined with quinidine. No dose adjustment is recommended for patients treated for atrial fibrillation. Monitor for increased edoxaban toxicities (ie, bleeding) when combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Eliglustat: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Eliglustat. Management: Eliglustat dose is 84 mg daily with CYP2D6 inhibitors. Use is contraindicated (COI) when also combined with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. When also combined with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, use is COI in CYP2D6 EMs or IMs and should be avoided in CYP2D6 PMs. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Eluxadoline: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the constipating effect of Eluxadoline. Risk X: Avoid combination
Encorafenib: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Entrectinib: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Risk X: Avoid combination
EPHEDrine (Nasal): May diminish the therapeutic effect of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
EPHEDrine (Systemic): QuiNIDine may diminish the therapeutic effect of EPHEDrine (Systemic). EPHEDrine (Systemic) may diminish the therapeutic effect of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Erythromycin (Systemic): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. Erythromycin (Systemic) may increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Escitalopram: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Escitalopram. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Etelcalcetide: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Etoposide: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Etoposide. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Etoposide Phosphate: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Etoposide Phosphate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Everolimus: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Everolimus. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fenfluramine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Fenfluramine. Management: Limit fenfluramine dose to 20 mg/day without concurrent stiripentol or to 17 mg/day with concomitant stiripentol and clobazam when used with a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Fesoterodine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Fesoterodine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fexinidazole: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Risk X: Avoid combination
Finerenone: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Finerenone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fingolimod: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). Risk X: Avoid combination
Flecainide: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Flecainide. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Flibanserin: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Flibanserin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fluconazole: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. Fluconazole may increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Fluorouracil Products: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Fluorouracil Products. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
FLUoxetine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of FLUoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Flupentixol: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Flupentixol. Risk X: Avoid combination
FluPHENAZine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of FluPHENAZine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
FluvoxaMINE: May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of FluvoxaMINE. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fusidic Acid (Systemic): May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination
Gadobenate Dimeglumine: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Gadobenate Dimeglumine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Galantamine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Galantamine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic): Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Gefitinib: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Gefitinib. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Gemifloxacin: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). Risk X: Avoid combination
Gilteritinib: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If use is necessary, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and arrhythmias. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Glucagon: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Glucagon. Specifically, the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation): Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation). Risk X: Avoid combination
Glycopyrronium (Topical): May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination
Grapefruit Juice: May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Halofantrine: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Halofantrine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Haloperidol: QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Haloperidol. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
HYDROcodone: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of HYDROcodone. Specifically, concentrations of hydromorphone may be decreased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
HydrOXYzine: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Iboga: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of Iboga. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, and iboga toxicities. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Iloperidone: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Iloperidone. Specifically, concentrations of the metabolite P88 may be increased. CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Iloperidone. Specifically, concentrations of the metabolite P95 may be decreased. CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Iloperidone. Management: Reduce iloperidone dose by half when administered with a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and monitor for increased iloperidone toxicities, including QTc interval prolongation and arrhythmias. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Imipramine: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Indoramin: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Indoramin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Inotuzumab Ozogamicin. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Ipratropium (Oral Inhalation): May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination
Itopride: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Itopride. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Itraconazole: May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ixabepilone: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Ixabepilone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Kaolin: May decrease the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ketoconazole (Systemic): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. Ketoconazole (Systemic) may increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Lacosamide: QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Lacosamide. Specifically the risk for bradycardia, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, or a prolonged PR interval may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lapatinib: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Lapatinib. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Larotrectinib: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Larotrectinib. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lefamulin: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Do not use lefamulin tablets with QT-prolonging CYP3A4 substrates. Lefamulin prescribing information lists this combination as contraindicated. Risk X: Avoid combination
Lemborexant: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Lemborexant. Management: The maximum recommended dosage of lemborexant is 5 mg, no more than once per night, when coadministered with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Levofloxacin-Containing Products (Systemic): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). Risk X: Avoid combination
Levoketoconazole: QT-prolonging CYP3A4 Substrates may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Levoketoconazole. Levoketoconazole may increase the serum concentration of QT-prolonging CYP3A4 Substrates. Risk X: Avoid combination
Levosulpiride: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Levosulpiride. Risk X: Avoid combination
Lofepramine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Lofepramine. The active metabolite of lofepramine is desipramine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lofexidine: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Lofexidine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Lomitapide: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Lomitapide. Management: Patients on lomitapide 5 mg/day may continue that dose. Patients taking lomitapide 10 mg/day or more should decrease the lomitapide dose by half. The lomitapide dose may then be titrated up to a max adult dose of 30 mg/day. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Lonafarnib: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Lonafarnib. Management: Avoid concurrent use of lonafarnib with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. If concurrent use is unavoidable, reduce the lonafarnib dose to or continue at a dose of 115 mg/square meter. Monitor for evidence of arrhythmia, syncope, palpitations, or similar effects. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Loperamide-Loperamide Oxide: QuiNIDine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Loperamide-Loperamide Oxide. Loperamide-Loperamide Oxide may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of Loperamide-Loperamide Oxide. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Maprotiline: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Maprotiline. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mefloquine: QuiNIDine may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Mefloquine. Specifically, the risk for QTc-prolongation and the risk for convulsions may be increased. Management: Avoid concurrent use, and delay administration of mefloquine until at least 12 hours after the last dose of quinidine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Meglumine Antimoniate: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Mequitazine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Mequitazine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Methadone: QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Methadone. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Methoxsalen (Systemic): Photosensitizing Agents may enhance the photosensitizing effect of Methoxsalen (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Metoclopramide: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Metoclopramide. Management: For gastroparesis: reduce metoclopramide dose to 5mg 4 times/day and limit to 20mg/day; nasal spray not recommended. For GERD: reduce metoclopramide dose to 5mg 4 times/day or to 10mg 3 times/day and limit to 30mg/day. Monitor for toxicity when combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Metoprolol: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Metoprolol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mexiletine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Mexiletine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mianserin: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Midazolam: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Midazolam. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Midostaurin: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Midostaurin. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
MiFEPRIStone: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. MiFEPRIStone may increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Mirabegron: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Mirabegron. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Morphine (Systemic): P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Morphine (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Moxifloxacin (Systemic): QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Moxifloxacin (Systemic). Risk X: Avoid combination
Nadolol: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Nadolol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Naldemedine: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Naldemedine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Naloxegol: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Naloxegol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nebivolol: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Nebivolol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nelfinavir: May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Neuromuscular-Blocking Agents: QuiNIDine may enhance the neuromuscular-blocking effect of Neuromuscular-Blocking Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nicergoline: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Nicergoline. Specifically, concentrations of the MMDL metabolite may be increased. CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Nicergoline. Specifically, concentrations of the MDL metabolite may be decreased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
NIFEdipine: May decrease the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. NIFEdipine may increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of NIFEdipine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nilotinib: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Nilotinib. Risk X: Avoid combination
NiMODipine: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of NiMODipine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir: May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Nitroglycerin: Anticholinergic Agents may decrease the absorption of Nitroglycerin. Specifically, anticholinergic agents may decrease the dissolution of sublingual nitroglycerin tablets, possibly impairing or slowing nitroglycerin absorption. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nortriptyline: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Nortriptyline. Risk C: Monitor therapy
OLANZapine: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of OLANZapine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Oliceridine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Oliceridine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Olmutinib: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Olmutinib. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ondansetron: QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Ondansetron. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Opioid Agonists: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Opioid Agonists. Specifically, the risk for constipation and urinary retention may be increased with this combination. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Osimertinib: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Osimertinib. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Oxatomide: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination
Oxytocin: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Pacritinib: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Pacritinib. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy
PARoxetine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of PARoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
PAZOPanib: QuiNIDine may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of PAZOPanib. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of PAZOPanib. Risk X: Avoid combination
Pectin: May decrease the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pentamidine (Systemic): QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Pentamidine (Systemic). Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Perhexiline: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Perhexiline. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Perphenazine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Perphenazine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pilsicainide: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Pilsicainide. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Pimozide: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Pimozide. Risk X: Avoid combination
Piperaquine: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Piperaquine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Pitolisant: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Pitolisant. Management: Reduce the pitolisant dose by 50% if a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor is initiated. For patients receiving strong CYP2D6 inhibitors, initiate pitolisant at 8.9 mg once daily and increase after 7 days to a maximum of 17.8 mg once daily. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Porfimer: Photosensitizing Agents may enhance the photosensitizing effect of Porfimer. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Posaconazole: May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Potassium Chloride: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the ulcerogenic effect of Potassium Chloride. Management: Patients on drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects should avoid using any solid oral dosage form of potassium chloride. Risk X: Avoid combination
Potassium Citrate: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the ulcerogenic effect of Potassium Citrate. Risk X: Avoid combination
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: May diminish the therapeutic effect of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pramlintide: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. These effects are specific to the GI tract. Risk X: Avoid combination
Primaquine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Primaquine. CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Primaquine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Probucol: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Probucol. Risk X: Avoid combination
Propafenone: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of Propafenone. Risk X: Avoid combination
Propofol: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Propranolol: QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of Propranolol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Protriptyline: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Protriptyline. Risk C: Monitor therapy
QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Avoid): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy
QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Caution): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy
QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of other QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). Risk X: Avoid combination
QT-prolonging Class III Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk): QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Class III Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). Risk X: Avoid combination
QT-Prolonging Inhalational Anesthetics (Moderate Risk): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
QT-prolonging Kinase Inhibitors (Highest Risk): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
QT-prolonging Miscellaneous Agents (Highest Risk): QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Miscellaneous Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
QT-prolonging Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Highest Risk): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). QT-prolonging Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Highest Risk) may increase the serum concentration of QT-prolonging Class IA Antiarrhythmics (Highest Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for increased class IA toxicities, including QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
QUEtiapine: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QUEtiapine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Quinidine (Non-Therapeutic): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ramosetron: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the constipating effect of Ramosetron. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ranolazine: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Ranolazine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Relugolix: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Relugolix. Management: Avoid coadministration of relugolix with oral P-gp inhibitors whenever possible. If combined, take relugolix at least 6 hours prior to the P-gp inhibitor and monitor patients more frequently for adverse reactions. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Relugolix, Estradiol, and Norethindrone: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Relugolix, Estradiol, and Norethindrone. Management: Avoid use of relugolix/estradiol/norethindrone with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors. If concomitant use is unavoidable, relugolix/estradiol/norethindrone should be administered at least 6 hours before the P-gp inhibitor. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Reserpine: May enhance the arrhythmogenic effect of QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Revefenacin: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Revefenacin. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ribociclib: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Ribociclib. Risk X: Avoid combination
RifAXIMin: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of RifAXIMin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Rimegepant: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Rimegepant. Management: Avoid administration of another dose of rimegepant within 48 hours if given concomitantly with a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
RisperiDONE: QuiNIDine may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of RisperiDONE. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of RisperiDONE. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for risperidone toxicities, including QTc interval prolongation and TdP. Risperidone dose adjustment may also be needed. See full monograph for details. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Ritonavir: May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
RomiDEPsin: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of RomiDEPsin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Saquinavir: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Secretin: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Secretin. Management: Avoid concomitant use of anticholinergic agents and secretin. Discontinue anticholinergic agents at least 5 half-lives prior to administration of secretin. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Sertindole: QuiNIDine may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Sertindole. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of Sertindole. Risk X: Avoid combination
Silodosin: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Silodosin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Simvastatin: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Simvastatin. CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Simvastatin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Sirolimus (Conventional): P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Sirolimus (Conventional). Management: Avoid concurrent use of sirolimus with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors when possible and alternative agents with lesser interaction potential with sirolimus should be considered. Monitor for increased sirolimus concentrations/toxicity if combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Sirolimus (Protein Bound): P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Sirolimus (Protein Bound). Risk X: Avoid combination
Sparfloxacin: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Sparfloxacin. Risk X: Avoid combination
Sucralfate: May decrease the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Specifically, sucralfate may decrease the absorption of quinidine. Management: Administer quinidine at least 2 hours before sucralfate. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
SUNItinib: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of SUNItinib. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Tacrolimus (Systemic): P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Tacrolimus (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tacrolimus (Systemic): CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Tacrolimus (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Talazoparib: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Talazoparib. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tamoxifen: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Tamoxifen. Specifically, strong CYP2D6 inhibitors may decrease the metabolic formation of highly potent active metabolites. Management: Avoid concurrent use of strong CYP2D6 inhibitors with tamoxifen when possible, as the combination may be associated with a reduced clinical effectiveness of tamoxifen. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Tamsulosin: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Tamsulosin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tegaserod: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Tegaserod. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Teniposide: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Teniposide. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tetrabenazine: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. QuiNIDine may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Tetrabenazine. Specifically, concentrations of the active alpha- and beta-dihydrotetrabenazine metabolites may be increased. Management: Limit the tetrabenazine dose to 50 mg per day (25 mg per single dose) in patients taking quinidine. Additionally, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias (including torsades de pointes) when these drugs are combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: Anticholinergic Agents may increase the serum concentration of Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Thioridazine: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QuiNIDine. QuiNIDine may increase the serum concentration of Thioridazine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Timolol (Ophthalmic): CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Timolol (Ophthalmic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Timolol (Systemic): CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Timolol (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tiotropium: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Tiotropium. Risk X: Avoid combination
Tipranavir: May increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Tolterodine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Tolterodine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Topiramate: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Topiramate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Topotecan: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Topotecan. Risk X: Avoid combination
Toremifene: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Toremifene. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
TraMADol: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of TraMADol. CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of TraMADol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Triazolam: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Triazolam. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Trimipramine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Trimipramine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ubrogepant: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Ubrogepant. Management: In patients taking weak CYP3A4 inhibitors, the initial and second dose (given at least 2 hours later if needed) of ubrogepant should be limited to 50 mg. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Umeclidinium: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination
Valbenazine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Valbenazine. Management: Reduce valbenazine dose to 40 mg once daily when combined with a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Monitor for increased valbenazine effects/toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Vemurafenib: QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Vemurafenib. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Venetoclax: P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Venetoclax. Management: Reduce the venetoclax dose by at least 50% in patients requiring concomitant treatment with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors. Resume the previous venetoclax dose 2 to 3 days after discontinuation of a P-gp inhibitor. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Verteporfin: Photosensitizing Agents may enhance the photosensitizing effect of Verteporfin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
VinCRIStine (Liposomal): P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of VinCRIStine (Liposomal). Risk X: Avoid combination
Vitamin K Antagonists (eg, warfarin): QuiNIDine may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Vitamin K Antagonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Voriconazole: QuiNIDine may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Voriconazole. Voriconazole may increase the serum concentration of QuiNIDine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Vortioxetine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of Vortioxetine. Management: The vortioxetine dose should be reduced by 50% when used together with a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Following cessation of the strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the vortioxetine dose should be returned to the normal level. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Changes in dietary salt intake may alter the rate and extent of quinidine absorption. Quinidine serum levels may be increased if taken with food. Food has a variable effect on absorption of sustained release formulation. The rate of absorption of quinidine may be decreased following the ingestion of grapefruit juice. Excessive intake of fruit juice or vitamin C may decrease urine pH and result in increased clearance of quinidine with decreased serum concentration. Alkaline foods may result in increased quinidine serum concentrations. Management: Avoid changes in dietary salt intake. Grapefruit juice should be avoided. Take around-the-clock to avoid variation in serum levels and with food or milk to avoid GI irritation.
Quinidine crosses the placenta and can be detected in the amniotic fluid and neonatal serum.
Quinidine is present in breast milk.
Breast milk concentrations may be slightly lower than those in the maternal serum. The manufacturer recommends avoiding use in breastfeeding women.
Administer with food or milk to decrease gastrointestinal irritation. Avoid changes in dietary salt intake.
Cardiac monitor required during IV administration; CBC, liver and renal function tests, should be routinely performed during long-term administration
Consult individual institutional policies and procedures.
Therapeutic: 2 to 5 mcg/mL (SI: 6.2 to 15.4 micromole/L). Patient-dependent therapeutic response occurs at levels of 3 to 6 mcg/mL (SI: 9.2 to 18.5 micromole/L). Optimal therapeutic level is method dependent; >6 mcg/mL (SI: >18 micromole/L).
Class Ia antiarrhythmic agent; depresses phase 0 of the action potential; decreases myocardial excitability and conduction velocity, and myocardial contractility by decreasing sodium influx during depolarization and potassium efflux in repolarization; also reduces calcium transport across cell membrane
Distribution: Vd: Adults: 2 to 3 L/kg, decreased with congestive heart failure (0.5 L/kg), increased with cirrhosis (3 to 5 L/kg)
Protein binding: Neonates and infants: 50% to 70%; Older children and adults: 80% to 88%
Binds mainly to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and to a lesser extent albumin; protein-binding changes may occur in periods of stress due to increased alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentrations (eg, acute myocardial infarction) or in certain disease states due to decreased alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentrations (eg, cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition)
Metabolism: Extensively hepatic (50% to 90%) to inactive compounds
Bioavailability: Sulfate: ~70% with wide variability between patients (45% to 100%); Gluconate: 70% to 80%
Half-life elimination, plasma: Children: 3 to 4 hours; Adults: 6 to 8 hours; prolonged with elderly, cirrhosis, and congestive heart failure
Time to peak, serum: Oral: Sulfate: Immediate release: 2 hours; Gluconate: Extended release: 3 to 5 hours
Excretion: Urine (5% to 20% as unchanged drug)
Altered kidney function: Volume of distribution and renal clearance may be reduced.
Hepatic function impairment: Hepatic cirrhosis: Elimination half-life may be prolonged and increased volume of distribution.
Older adult: Elimination half-life may be increased.
Heart failure: Total clearance and volume of distribution are decreased.
Tablet, controlled release (quiNIDine Gluconate ER Oral)
324 mg (per each): $6.73 - $9.06
Tablets (quiNIDine Sulfate Oral)
200 mg (per each): $15.09
300 mg (per each): $15.90
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