Direct effect of the tumor |
Atelectasis |
Esophagorespiratory fistula |
Extrinsic or intrinsic airway obstruction |
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis |
Superior vena cava syndrome |
Indirect effect of the tumor |
Aspiration |
Bronchiectasis |
Pericardial effusion |
Pleural effusion |
Treatment-induced (radiotherapy, chemotherapy [especially bleomycin]) pneumonitis |