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Examples of predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors in insomnia

Examples of predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors in insomnia
Predisposing factors Precipitating events Perpetuating factors
Factors that increase risk for insomnia disorder Events that lead to sleep disruption Behavioral and cognitive factors that sustain poor sleep over time
  • History of childhood or interpersonal trauma
  • Chronic mental health conditions, depression, or anxiety
  • History of shift work or erratic sleep-wake patterns
  • Chronic pain conditions
  • Severe accident leading to physical injury
  • Divorce or death of a spouse or close family member
  • Change in occupation such as loss of a job or transition to a new job
  • Watching television in bed while trying to fall asleep
  • Staying in bed for extended periods of time in an effort to obtain more sleep or taking long naps during the day
  • Anxiety and worry about sleep loss
Adapted from: Martin JL, Badr MS, Zeineddine S. Sleep Disorders in Women Veterans. Sleep Med Clin 2018; 13:433.
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