| Category | Examples |
| Pulmonary diseases | Chronic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (eg, global obstructive lung disease stage 2, 3, 4), interstitial lung diseases (eg, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), occupational lung diseases, restrictive lung disease (eg, kyphoscoliosis, scleroderma, congenital chest wall abnormalities, flail chest), and other (eg, lymphangioleiomyomatosis). |
| Cardiac diseases | Intracardiac shunts and disorders with elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (eg, class III or IV congestive heart failure with reduced or preserved left ventricle ejection fraction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), mitral valve disease. |
| Neuromuscular-diseases and hypoventilation syndromes | Central sleep apnea, obesity hypoventilation, stroke, transient ischemic attacks, diaphragmatic paralysis, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, paralytic disorders, myasthenia gravis, encephalopathies (eg, hepatic, viral, vasculitis, endocrine, brain injury). |
| Effects of drugs including substance use/abuse | Benzodiazepines, anti-seizure drugs, opiates, barbiturates, alcohol. |
