Your activity: 4 p.v.

Oxaliplatin: Drug information

Oxaliplatin: Drug information
(For additional information see "Oxaliplatin: Patient drug information" and see "Oxaliplatin: Pediatric drug information")

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions used in Lexicomp (show table)
ALERT: US Boxed Warning
Hypersensitivity/Anaphylactic reactions:

Serious and fatal hypersensitivity adverse reactions, including anaphylaxis, can occur with oxaliplatin within minutes of administration and during any cycle. Oxaliplatin is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin and other platinum-based drugs. Immediately and permanently discontinue oxaliplatin for hypersensitivity reactions and administer appropriate treatment for management of the hypersensitivity reaction.

Brand Names: Canada
  • TARO-Oxaliplatin
Pharmacologic Category
  • Antineoplastic Agent, Alkylating Agent;
  • Antineoplastic Agent, Platinum Analog
Dosing: Adult

Note: Oxaliplatin is associated with a moderate emetic potential and is known to cause delayed nausea and vomiting; antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (ASCO [Hesketh 2020]; MASCC/ESMO [Roila 2016]). Avoid oxaliplatin in patients with congenital long QT syndrome. Correct hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia prior to and during oxaliplatin treatment.

Biliary tract cancer, advanced

Biliary tract cancer, advanced (off-label use):

GEMOX regimen: IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 2 every 2 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Andre 2004).

Modified GEMOX regimen: IV: 80 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) for up to 6 cycles (Sharma 2010).

CAPOX regimen: IV: 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with capecitabine) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Nehls 2008).

FOLFOX regimen: IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin) for up to 12 cycles (Lamarca 2021) or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Nehls 2002).

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, fludarabine refractory

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, fludarabine refractory (off-label use): OFAR regimen: IV: 25 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4 every 4 weeks (in combination with fludarabine, cytarabine, and rituximab) for up to 6 cycles (Tsimberidou 2008).

Colorectal cancer, advanced

Colorectal cancer, advanced: IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with infusional fluorouracil/leucovorin) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

Colorectal cancer, advanced (off-label dosing/combinations):

FOLFOX regimens: IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil/leucovorin and bevacizumab) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Cassidy 2008) or 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil/leucovorin and cetuximab) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Venook 2017) or 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil/leucovorin and panitumumab) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Douillard 2010; Douillard 2014)

FOLFOXIRI regimens: IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil/leucovorin/irinotecan) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Falcone 2007) or 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil/leucovorin/irinotecan and bevacizumab) for up to 12 cycles, followed by fluorouracil/leucovorin and bevacizumab maintenance (Cremolini 2015, Loupakis 2014).

CAPOX regimens: IV: 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with capecitabine) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Cassidy 2008) or 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks in combination with capecitabine and bevacizumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Saltz 2008) or 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with capecitabine and panitumumab) for at least 6 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Papaxoinis 2018).

Colon cancer, stage III, adjuvant therapy

Colon cancer, stage III, adjuvant therapy: IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with infusional fluorouracil/leucovorin) for up to 12 cycles.

Colon cancer, adjuvant therapy (off-label dosing/combinations):

FLOX regimen: IV: 85 mg/m2 on days 1, 15, and 29 of an 8-week treatment cycle (in combination with fluorouracil/leucovorin) for 3 cycles (Kuebler 2007).

CAPOX regimen: IV: 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with capecitabine) for 8 cycles (Haller 2011).

Adjuvant therapy duration; completely resected stage III colon cancer (off label):

Low risk (T1, T2, or T3 and N1): A duration of therapy of 3 or 6 months of oxaliplatin (when used in combination with fluoropyrimidine-based therapy) may be offered (ASCO [Lieu 2019]). A pooled analysis of 6 phase III studies demonstrated non-inferiority (based on 3-year disease-free survival) with a 3-month (compared to a 6-month) adjuvant oxaliplatin-capecitabine (CAPOX) treatment duration in the subgroup of patients with T1, T2, or T3 and N1 stage III colon cancer (Grothey 2018).

High risk (T4 and/or N2): A duration of therapy of 6 months of oxaliplatin (when used in combination with fluoropyrimidine-based therapy) should be offered (ASCO [Lieu 2019]). In a pooled analysis of 6 phase III studies, superior disease-free survival has been demonstrated with 6 months (compared to 3 months) of adjuvant FOLFOX therapy in the subgroup of patients with T4 and/or N2 stage III colon cancer. Among patients treated with CAPOX, disease-free survival was similar between patients treated for 3 months compared to 6 months in the subgroup of patients with T4 and/or N2 stage III colon cancer, although statistical noninferiority was not proven (Grothey 2018).

Esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer (off-label use):

CAPOX regimen (advanced or metastatic esophageal or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma): IV: 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with capecitabine and nivolumab) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Janjigian 2021).

FLOT regimen (advanced, resectable gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma): IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and docetaxel) for 4 preoperative and 4 postoperative cycles (Al-Batran 2019).

FOLFOX4 regimen (chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic disease ): IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks, in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin and radiation for 3 cycles, then without radiation for 3 more cycles (Conroy 2010).

mFOLFOX regimen (advanced or metastatic esophageal or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma): IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and nivolumab) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Janjigian 2021).

FLOT regimen (locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic disease): IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and docetaxel) for up to 8 cycles (Al-Batran 2008).

Dose optimization for advanced, palliative treatment in frail and/or elderly patients: A dose optimization study that examined 60%, 80%, or 100% of a 130 mg/m2 dose once every 21 days (in combination with capecitabine) found that the 60% dose was not inferior (for progression-free survival) and had less toxicity compared to the full dose (Hall 2019).

Treatment of advanced or metastatic disease: Treatment with doublet, rather than triplet, chemotherapy may be preferred in the palliative setting due to increased toxicity (without clear benefit) with triplet regimens (ESMO [Obermannová 2022]).

Gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (off-label use):

CAPOX regimen (locally advanced, resectable disease, or advanced or metastatic disease): IV: 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with capecitabine) for 8 cycles (Bang 2012) or (in combination with capecitabine and nivolumab) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Janjigian 2021).

FLOT regimen (locally advanced, resectable disease): IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and docetaxel) for 4 preoperative and 4 postoperative cycles (Al-Batran 2019).

mFOLFOX regimen (advanced or metastatic disease): IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and nivolumab) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Janjigian 2021).

FLOT regimen (locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic disease ): IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and docetaxel) for up to 8 cycles (Al-Batran 2008).

Dose optimization for advanced, palliative treatment in frail and/or elderly patients: A dose optimization study that examined 60%, 80%, or 100% of a 130 mg/m2 dose once every 21 days (in combination with capecitabine) found that the 60% dose was not inferior (for progression-free survival) and had less toxicity compared to the full dose (Hall 2019).

Treatment of advanced or metastatic disease: Treatment with doublet, rather than triplet, chemotherapy is preferred in the palliative setting due to increased toxicity (without clear benefit) with triplet regimens (Smyth 2020).

Neuroendocrine tumors, carcinoid, refractory

Neuroendocrine tumors, carcinoid, refractory (off-label use): IV: 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with capecitabine) for up to 6 cycles (Bajetta 2007).

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, relapsed/refractory

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, relapsed/refractory (off-label use): IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine and rituximab) (Lopez 2008; Rodriguez 2007).

Ovarian cancer, advanced

Ovarian cancer, advanced (off-label use): IV: 130 mg/m2 once every 3 weeks (as a single agent) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Dieras 2002; Piccart 2000).

Pancreatic cancer, advanced or metastatic

Pancreatic cancer, advanced or metastatic (off-label use):

FOLFIRINOX regimen: IV: 85 mg/m2 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan) for up to 6 months (Conroy 2011).

FOLFOX regimen (second-line therapy): IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Yoo 2009).

OFF regimen (second-line therapy): IV: 85 mg/m2 on days 8 and 22 every 6 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Oettle 2014; Pelzer 2011).

CAPOX regimen: IV: 110 to 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with capecitabine) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Xiong 2008).

Pancreatic cancer, potentially curable, adjuvant therapy

Pancreatic cancer, potentially curable, adjuvant therapy (off-label use): Note: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines recommend 6 months of adjuvant therapy if recovery is complete; if preoperative chemotherapy therapy was received, a total of 6 months of adjuvant therapy (including the preoperative regimen) is recommended (ASCO [Khorana 2019]).

mFOLFIRINOX regimen: IV: 85 mg/m2 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan; modified FOLFIRINOX regimen) for 24 weeks (Conroy 2018). According to ASCO guidelines, mFOLFIRINOX is the preferred first-line adjuvant regimen for potentially curable disease (ASCO [Khorana 2019]).

Small bowel adenocarcinoma, advanced unresectable or metastatic

Small bowel adenocarcinoma, advanced unresectable or metastatic (off-label use): Note: Ampullary adenocarcinomas were excluded from some studies (Horimatsu 2017; Xiang 2012; Zaanan 2010).

CAPOX regimen: IV: 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with capecitabine) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Overman 2009).

mFOLFOX or FOLFOX regimen: IV: 85 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Horimatsu 2017; Xiang 2012, Zaanan 2010).

Testicular cancer, refractory

Testicular cancer, refractory (off-label use): IV: 130 mg/m2 every 3 weeks in combination with gemcitabine (De Georgi 2006; Kollmannsberger 2004; Pectasides 2004) or 130 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine and paclitaxel) for up to 8 cycles (Bokemeyer 2008).

Unknown primary cancer, recurrent or refractory

Unknown primary cancer, recurrent or refractory (off-label use): IV: 130 mg/m2 on day 1 of a 21-day cycle (in combination with capecitabine) for 6 cycles or may continue until clinical benefit no longer realized (Hainsworth 2010).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Adult

Manufacturer's labeling: CrCl calculated by Cockcroft-Gault equation.

CrCl ≥30 mL/minute: No initial dosage adjustment necessary.

CrCl <30 mL/minute: Reduce initial dose from 85 mg/m2 to 65 mg/m2.

Alternate recommendations: CrCl ≥20 mL/minute: In a study with a limited number of patients with mild to moderate impairment, defined by the authors as CrCl 20 to 59 mL/minute (determined using 24-hour urine collection), oxaliplatin was well tolerated, suggesting a dose reduction may not be necessary in patients with CrCl ≥20 mL/minute receiving every-3-week dosing (dose range: 80 to 130 mg/m2 every 3 weeks) (Takimoto 2003).

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Adult

Hepatic impairment prior to treatment initiation :

Mild, moderate, or severe impairment: No dosage adjustment necessary (Doroshow 2003; Synold 2007).

Hepatotoxicity during treatment:

Portal hypertension or increased LFTs that cannot be explained by liver metastases: Consider evaluating for hepatic vascular disorders.

Dosing: Pediatric

(For additional information see "Oxaliplatin: Pediatric drug information")

Refer to individual protocols; details concerning dosing in combination regimens should also be consulted. Oxaliplatin is associated with moderate emetic potential; antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (POGO [Dupuis 2011]).

Solid tumors; refractory or relapsed

Solid tumors; refractory or relapsed: Limited data available; several regimens reported; efficacy results highly variable; has shown limited activity in pediatric patients (primarily some delayed tumor progression reported) and an acceptable safety profile; should not be used first-line; reserved for refractory cases; patients should be hydrated prior to and during administration (eg, 3 L/m2/day) (Hartmann 2011; Lam 2015).

Lam 2015; McGregor 2009: Children and Adolescents: IV: 130 mg/m2 over 2 hours on day 1 in combination with etoposide with/without ifosfamide every 21 days.

Geoerger 2011; Macy 2013: Children and Adolescents: IV: 100 mg/m2 over 2 hours on day 1 of a 14-day cycle in combination with gemcitabine or fluorouracil/leucovorin.

Hartmann 2011: Children and Adolescents: IV: 85 mg/m2 over 2 hours on day 1 in combination with irinotecan (day 1) and gemcitabine (day 1 and 8).

Neuroblastoma; refractory or relapsed

Neuroblastoma; refractory or relapsed: Limited data available; efficacy results highly variable; should not be used first-line; reserved for refractory case. Children ≥2 years and Adolescents: IV: 105 mg/m2 on day 1 in combination with doxorubicin on a 21-day cycle (Mascarenhas 2013; Tran 2015).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing adjustments for toxicity: The presented dosing adjustments are based on experience in adult patients. Refer to specific protocol management in pediatric patients if available.

Adult:

Acute toxicities: Longer infusion time (6 hours) may mitigate acute toxicities (eg, pharyngolaryngeal dysesthesia).

Neurosensory events:

Persistent (>7 days) grade 2 neurosensory events:

Adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: Reduce dose to 75 mg/m2.

Advanced colorectal cancer: Reduce dose to 65 mg/m2.

Consider withholding oxaliplatin for grade 2 neuropathy lasting >7 days despite dose reduction.

Persistent (>7 days) grade 3 neurosensory events: Consider discontinuing oxaliplatin.

Gastrointestinal toxicity (grade 3/4) occurring despite prophylactic treatment:

Adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: Delay next dose until recovery from toxicity, then reduce dose to 75 mg/m2.

Advanced colorectal cancer: Delay next dose until recovery from toxicity, then reduce dose to 65 mg/m2.

Hematologic toxicity (grade 4 neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, or grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia):

Adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: Delay next dose until neutrophils recover to ≥1,500/mm3 and platelets recover to ≥75,000/mm3, then reduce dose to 75 mg/m2.

Advanced colorectal cancer: Delay next dose until neutrophils recover to ≥1,500/mm3 and platelets recover to ≥75,000/mm3, then reduce dose to 65 mg/m2.

Pulmonary toxicity (unexplained respiratory symptoms, including nonproductive cough, dyspnea, crackles, pulmonary infiltrates): Discontinue until interstitial lung disease or pulmonary fibrosis have been excluded.

Rhabdomyolysis: Discontinue for signs/symptoms of rhabdomyolysis.

Sepsis or septic shock: Withhold treatment.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Pediatric

There are no pediatric specific recommendations; refer to individual protocols; based on experience in adult patients, dosing adjustment suggested.

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Pediatric

There are no pediatric specific recommendations; refer to individual protocols; based on experience in adult patients, some have suggested that dosage adjustment is not necessary (Doroshow 2003; Synold 2007)

Dosing: Older Adult

No dosage adjustment necessary. Refer to adult dosing.

Dosing: Obesity: Adult

ASCO Guidelines for appropriate chemotherapy dosing in adults with cancer with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2: Utilize patient's actual body weight (full weight) for calculation of body surface area- or weight-based dosing, particularly when the intent of therapy is curative; manage regimen-related toxicities in the same manner as for patients with a BMI <30 kg/m2; if a dose reduction is utilized due to toxicity, may consider resumption of full weight-based dosing with subsequent cycles if cause of toxicity (eg, hepatic or renal impairment) is clearly established and fully resolved (ASCO [Griggs 2012]).

Dosing: Adjustment for Toxicity: Adult
Oxaliplatin Dosage Adjustment for Adjuvant Therapy in Stage III Colon Cancer

Adverse reaction

Severity

Oxaliplatin dose modification

a Avoid mucositis prophylaxis with ice chips, exposure to cold temperatures, or consumption of cold food/beverages during or within hours after oxaliplatin infusion (may exacerbate symptoms).

GI toxicity

Grades 3 or 4

After recovery, reduce oxaliplatin dose to 75 mg/m2 (also reduce fluorouracil doses).

Hematologic toxicity

Grade 4 neutropenia or neutropenic fever

Delay next dose until neutrophils recover to ≥1,500/mm3, then reduce oxaliplatin dose to 75 mg/m2.

Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia

Delay next dose until platelets recover to ≥75,000/mm3, then reduce oxaliplatin dose to 75 mg/m2.

Peripheral sensory neuropathya

Persistent grade 2

Consider reducing oxaliplatin dose to 75 mg/m2.

Persistent grade 3

Consider discontinuing oxaliplatin.

Grade 4

Discontinue oxaliplatin.

Oxaliplatin Dosage Adjustment for Advanced Colorectal Cancer

Adverse reaction

Severity

Oxaliplatin dose modification

a Avoid mucositis prophylaxis with ice chips, exposure to cold temperatures, or consumption of cold food/beverages during or within hours after oxaliplatin infusion (may exacerbate symptoms).

GI toxicity

Grades 3 or 4

After recovery, reduce oxaliplatin dose to 65 mg/m2 (also reduce fluorouracil doses).

Hematologic toxicity

Grade 4 neutropenia or neutropenic fever

Delay next dose until neutrophils recover to ≥1,500/mm3, then reduce oxaliplatin dose to 65 mg/m2.

Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia

Delay next dose until platelets recover to ≥75,000/mm3, then reduce oxaliplatin dose to 65 mg/m2.

Neuropathya

Persistent grade 2

Consider reducing oxaliplatin dose to 65 mg/m2.

Persistent grade 3

Consider discontinuing oxaliplatin.

Grade 4

Discontinue oxaliplatin.

Oxaliplatin Dosage Adjustment for Adjuvant Therapy in Stage III Colon Cancer AND for Advanced Colorectal Cancer

Adverse reaction

Oxaliplatin dose modification

Acute toxicities (including non–life-threatening infusion reaction)

Longer infusion time (increasing infusion duration from 2 hours to 6 hours) may mitigate acute toxicities.

Hypersensitivity

Immediately and permanently discontinue oxaliplatin (and administer appropriate management for hypersensitivity).

Oxygen and bronchodilators have also been used for hypersensitivity management (Kim 2009).

Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

Consider discontinuing oxaliplatin.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

Permanently discontinue oxaliplatin.

Pulmonary symptoms (unexplained pulmonary symptoms such as crackles, dyspnea, nonproductive cough, pulmonary infiltrates)

Withhold oxaliplatin until interstitial lung disease or pulmonary fibrosis are excluded.

Pulmonary toxicity (confirmed interstitial lung disease or pulmonary fibrosis)

Permanently discontinue oxaliplatin.

Rhabdomyolysis (signs or symptoms)

Permanently discontinue oxaliplatin.

Sepsis or septic shock

Withhold oxaliplatin treatment.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Solution, Intravenous:

Generic: 50 mg/10 mL (10 mL); 100 mg/20 mL (20 mL)

Solution, Intravenous [preservative free]:

Generic: 50 mg/10 mL (10 mL); 100 mg/20 mL (20 mL); 200 mg/40 mL (40 mL)

Solution Reconstituted, Intravenous [preservative free]:

Generic: 50 mg (1 ea); 100 mg (1 ea)

Generic Equivalent Available: US

Yes

Dosage Forms: Canada

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Solution, Intravenous:

Generic: 5 mg/mL (10 mL, 20 mL, 30 mL, 40 mL)

Administration: Adult

IV: Administer as IV infusion over 2 hours; extend infusion time to 6 hours for acute toxicities.

Off-label rate: A fixed infusion rate of 1 mg/m2/minute (eg, an 85 mg/m2 dose infused over 85 minutes) has been used and did not show a statistically significant difference in the rate of hypersensitivity reactions (Cercek 2016).

Flush infusion line with D5W prior to administration of any concomitant medication. Avoid mucositis prophylaxis with ice chips, exposure to cold temperatures, or consumption of cold food/beverages during or within hours after oxaliplatin infusion (may exacerbate acute neurological symptoms). Do not use needles or administration sets containing aluminum. When used in combination with a fluoropyrimidine (eg, 5-FU), infuse oxaliplatin first.

Oxaliplatin is associated with a moderate emetic potential and is known to cause delayed nausea and vomiting; antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (ASCO [Hesketh 2020]; MASCC/ESMO [Roila 2016]).

Irritant with vesicant-like properties; ensure proper needle or catheter placement prior to and during infusion. Avoid extravasation; monitor IV site for redness, swelling, or pain.

Extravasation management: If extravasation occurs, stop infusion immediately and disconnect (leave cannula/needle in place); gently aspirate extravasated solution (do NOT flush the line); remove needle/cannula; elevate extremity.

Information conflicts regarding use of warm or cold compresses. Cold compresses may cause local vasoconstriction and reduce cellular injury; however, may cause or exacerbate peripheral neuropathy; warm compresses may increase local drug removal, although may also increase cellular uptake and injury (de Lemos 2005).

Extravasation of moderate to large oxaliplatin doses (>40 mg) can result in pronounced tissue inflammation resembling erysipelas. Anti-inflammatory medication, such as high-dose oral dexamethasone, may reduce the severity of the inflammatory reaction (Kretzschmar 2003).

Administration: Pediatric

Oxaliplatin is associated with a moderate emetic potential; antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (POGO [Dupuis 2011]).

IV: Administer as IV infusion over 2 to 6 hours. Flush infusion line with D5W prior to and following administration of oxaliplatin. Do not use IV administration sets containing aluminum. When used in combination with a fluoropyrimidine (eg, 5-FU), infuse oxaliplatin first.

Irritant with vesicant-like properties; ensure proper needle or catheter placement prior to and during infusion. Avoid extravasation; monitor IV site for redness, swelling, or pain. If extravasation occurs, stop infusion immediately and disconnect (leave cannula/needle in place); gently aspirate extravasated solution (do NOT flush the line); remove needle/cannula; elevate extremity. Information conflicts regarding use of warm or cold compresses. Cold compresses could potentially precipitate or exacerbate peripheral neuropathy (de Lemos 2005).

Hazardous Drugs Handling Considerations

Hazardous agent (NIOSH 2016 [group 1]).

Use appropriate precautions for receiving, handling, storage, preparation, dispensing, transporting, administration, and disposal. Follow NIOSH and <USP 800> recommendations and institution-specific policies/procedures for appropriate containment strategy (NIOSH 2016; USP-NF 2020).

Use: Labeled Indications

Colon cancer, stage III (adjuvant therapy): Adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer (in combination with infusional fluorouracil and leucovorin) after complete resection of primary tumor.

Colorectal cancer, advanced: Treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (in combination with infusional fluorouracil and leucovorin).

Use: Off-Label: Adult

Biliary tract cancer, advanced; Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, refractory; Esophageal cancer; Gastric cancer; Neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoid), refractory; Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, relapsed/refractory; Ovarian cancer, advanced; Pancreatic cancer, advanced or metastatic; Pancreatic cancer, potentially curable, adjuvant therapy; Small bowel adenocarcinoma, advanced or metastatic; Testicular cancer, refractory; Unknown primary cancer, recurrent or refractory

Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:

Oxaliplatin may be confused with Aloxi, carboplatin, cisplatin

High alert medication:

This medication is in a class the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) includes among its list of drug classes which have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error.

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified. Percentages reported with monotherapy.

>10%:

Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (31%), anorexia (20%), constipation (31%), diarrhea (46%; grades 3/4: 4%), nausea (64%; grades 3/4: 4%), stomatitis (2% to 14%), vomiting (37%; grades 3/4: 4%)

Hematologic & oncologic: Anemia (64%; grades 3/4: 1%), leukopenia (13%). thrombocytopenia (30%; grades 3/4: 3%)

Hepatic: Increased serum alanine aminotransferase (36%), increased serum alkaline phosphatase (42%), increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (54%), increased serum bilirubin (13%)

Nervous system: Fatigue (61%), headache (13%), insomnia (11%), pain (14%), peripheral neuropathy (76%, grades 3/4: 7%; acute: 65%, grades 3/4: 5%; delayed [persistent]: 43%, grades 3/4: 3%)

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Back pain (11%)

Respiratory: Cough (11%), dyspnea (13%)

Miscellaneous: Fever (25%)

1% to 10%:

Cardiovascular: Chest pain (5%), edema (10%), flushing (3%), peripheral edema (5%), thromboembolism (2%)

Dermatologic: Alopecia (3%), palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (1%), skin rash (5%)

Endocrine & metabolic: Dehydration (5%), hypokalemia (3%)

Gastrointestinal: Dysgeusia (5%), dyspepsia (7%), flatulence (3%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (1%), hiccups (2%)

Genitourinary: Dysuria (1%)

Hematologic & oncologic: Neutropenia (7%)

Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reaction (3%; including anaphylaxis, nonimmune anaphylaxis)

Local: Injection-site reaction (9%, including erythema at injection site, pain at injection site, swelling at injection site)

Nervous system: Dizziness (7%), rigors (9%)

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia (7%)

Ocular: Abnormal lacrimation (1%)

Renal: Increased serum creatinine (5% to 10%)

Respiratory: Epistaxis (2%), pharyngitis (2%), pharyngolaryngeal dysesthesia (grades 3/4: 1% to 2%), rhinitis (6%), upper respiratory tract infection (7%)

<1%:

Nervous system: Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome

Respiratory: Pulmonary fibrosis

Frequency not defined:

Gastrointestinal: Dysphagia, gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Genitourinary: Hematuria

Hematologic & oncologic: Hemorrhage

Postmarketing:

Cardiovascular: Bradycardia, prolonged QT interval on ECG (Hancox 2016), septic shock, torsades de pointes (Hancox 2016), ventricular arrhythmia

Endocrine & metabolic: Lactic acidosis (Smith 2019), metabolic acidosis

Gastrointestinal: Colitis (including Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea), esophagitis, intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis

Hematologic & oncologic: Hemolytic anemia (immuno-allergic; including Evan syndrome [Earle 2001]), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (Saad 2022), immune thrombocytopenia (Woo 2015), leukemia (Carneiro 2006), thrombotic microangiopathy (Saad 2022)

Hepatic: Hepatic fibrosis (Kang 2013), hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease of liver) (Seo 2014)

Hypersensitivity: Anaphylactic shock, angioedema, hypersensitivity angiitis (Quack 2013)

Infection: Neutropenic sepsis, sepsis

Nervous system: Cranial nerve palsy, decreased deep tendon reflex, dysarthria, Lhermitte sign (Okamoto 2020), seizure

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Fasciculations, laryngospasm, rhabdomyolysis (Pissarra 2019)

Ophthalmic: Decreased visual acuity (Mesquida 2010), optic neuritis, temporary vision loss (Ah-Thiane 2021), visual field loss (Mesquida 2010)

Otic: Deafness, hearing loss (can be irreversible) (Kim 2020; Oh 2013)

Renal: Acute interstitial nephritis (Yamada 2019), acute kidney injury (Yamada 2019), renal tubular necrosis (Jain 2015)

Respiratory: Interstitial lung disease (including exacerbation of preexisting interstitial lung disease) (Ryu 2011; Wilcox 2008), pneumonia (including interstitial pneumonia [Taooka 2021])

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to oxaliplatin, other platinum-containing compounds, or any component of the formulation.

Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in the US labeling): Preexisting peripheral sensitive neuropathy with functional impairment; pregnancy; breastfeeding; severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/minute).

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Bone marrow suppression: Grade 3 and 4 neutropenia occurs commonly with oxaliplatin in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin; sepsis, neutropenic sepsis, and septic shock have been reported with oxaliplatin (some fatal). Grade 3 and 4 thrombocytopenia has also occurred.

• Cardiotoxicity: QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias, including fatal torsades de pointes, have been reported with oxaliplatin.

• Extravasation: Oxaliplatin is an irritant with vesicant-like properties; ensure proper needle or catheter placement prior to and during infusion; avoid extravasation.

• Hemorrhage: GI bleeding, hematuria, and epistaxis have been reported with oxaliplatin; there have been case reports of death due to intracerebral hemorrhage. Prolonged PT and INR occasionally associated with hemorrhage have been reported in patients also receiving anticoagulants while on oxaliplatin. Thrombocytopenia and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia have been observed with oxaliplatin; immune-mediated thrombocytopenia has been associated with a rapid thrombocytopenia onset along with a greater risk of bleeding.

• Hepatotoxicity: Elevated transaminases and alkaline phosphatase have occurred with oxaliplatin. Liver biopsy has revealed peliosis, nodular regenerative hyperplasia or sinusoidal alterations, perisinusoidal fibrosis, and veno-occlusive lesions. Consider evaluating for hepatic vascular disorders in patients who develop portal hypertension or increased LFTs that cannot be explained by liver metastases.

• Hypersensitivity: Serious and fatal hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylaxis) may occur within minutes of oxaliplatin administration and during any cycle. Grade 3 or 4 hypersensitivity has been observed (rare). Allergic reactions are similar to reactions reported with other platinum analogs and may occur with any cycle. Reactions typically occur after multiple cycles; in retrospective reviews, reaction occurred at a median of 7 to 9 cycles, with an onset of 5 to 70 minutes (Kim 2009; Polyzos 2009). Symptoms may include bronchospasm (rare), erythema, hypotension (rare), pruritus, rash, and/or urticaria; previously untreated patients have also experienced flushing, diaphoresis, diarrhea, shortness of breath, chest pain, hypotension, syncope, and disorientation. According to the manufacturer, rechallenge is contraindicated (deaths due to anaphylaxis have been associated with platinum derivatives). In patients rechallenged after mild hypersensitivity, reaction recurred at a higher level of severity; for patients with severe hypersensitivity, rechallenge (with 2 to 3 days of antihistamine and corticosteroid premedication, and prolongation of infusion time) allowed for 2 to 4 additional oxaliplatin cycles; however, rechallenge was not feasible in nearly two-thirds of patients due to the severity of the initial reaction (Polyzos 2009).

• Neuropathy: Two types of peripheral sensory neuropathy may occur: The first type of neuropathy is an acute presentation (within hours to 2 days), reversible (resolves within 14 days), with primarily peripheral symptoms that are often exacerbated by cold. Symptoms may include transient paresthesia, dysesthesia, and hypoesthesia in the hands, feet, perioral area, or throat; jaw spasm, abnormal tongue sensation, pharyngolaryngeal dysesthesia, dysarthria, eye pain, and a feeling of chest pressure have also been observed. Avoid mucositis prophylaxis with ice chips, exposure to cold temperatures, or consumption of cold food/beverages during or within hours after oxaliplatin infusion (may exacerbate symptoms). Acute neuropathy commonly recurs with subsequent doses. Cold-triggered neuropathy may last up to 7 days after oxaliplatin administration (Grothey 2011). The second type of neuropathy is a more persistent (>14 days) presentation that usually is characterized by paresthesia, dysesthesias, and hypoesthesias and may interfere with daily activities (eg, writing, buttoning, swallowing, difficulty walking). These symptoms may improve in some patients upon discontinuing treatment. In a retrospective evaluation of patients treated with oxaliplatin for colorectal cancer, the incidence of peripheral sensory neuropathy was similar between diabetic and nondiabetic patients (Ramanathan 2010). Several retrospective studies (as well as a small, underpowered randomized trial) have suggested calcium and magnesium infusions before and after oxaliplatin administration may reduce incidence of cumulative sensory neuropathy; however, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in patients with colorectal cancer suggests there is no benefit of calcium and magnesium in preventing sensory neuropathy or in decreasing oxaliplatin discontinuation rates (Loprinzi 2014).

• Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: Cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome have been reported (rare). Signs/symptoms include headache, mental status changes, seizure, blurred vision, blindness, and/or other vision changes; may be associated with hypertension.

• Pulmonary toxicity: Oxaliplatin is associated with pulmonary fibrosis (rare), which may be fatal. Pulmonary toxicity may present with dyspnea, cough, and/or hypoxia; grade 3 and 4 events have occurred. Eosinophilic pneumonia has been reported rarely.

• Rhabdomyolysis: Rhabdomyolysis (including fatal cases) has been reported with oxaliplatin.

Special populations:

• Older adult: Patients ≥65 years of age experienced a higher incidence of diarrhea and grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and may be more susceptible to dehydration, hypokalemia, leukopenia, fatigue, and syncope.

Other warnings/precautions:

• Administration: Oxaliplatin is for IV administration. Administration via the intraperitoneal route (not an approved administration route) is associated with peritoneal hemorrhage and hemorrhagic complications (Charrier 2016).

Metabolism/Transport Effects

Substrate of OCT2

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

5-Aminosalicylic Acid Derivatives: May enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

BCG (Intravesical): Myelosuppressive Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of BCG (Intravesical). Risk X: Avoid combination

Chloramphenicol (Ophthalmic): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Cladribine: May enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination

CloZAPine: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CloZAPine. Specifically, the risk for neutropenia may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Deferiprone: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the neutropenic effect of Deferiprone. Management: Avoid the concomitant use of deferiprone and myelosuppressive agents whenever possible. If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor the absolute neutrophil count more closely. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Dipyrone: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Specifically, the risk for agranulocytosis and pancytopenia may be increased Risk X: Avoid combination

Fexinidazole: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Fexinidazole. Risk X: Avoid combination

Fosphenytoin-Phenytoin: Platinum Derivatives may decrease the serum concentration of Fosphenytoin-Phenytoin. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Haloperidol: QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Avoid) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Haloperidol. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Haloperidol: QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Caution) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Haloperidol. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Lenograstim: Antineoplastic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Lenograstim. Management: Avoid the use of lenograstim 24 hours before until 24 hours after the completion of myelosuppressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Levoketoconazole: QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Avoid) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Levoketoconazole. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Lipegfilgrastim: Antineoplastic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Lipegfilgrastim. Management: Avoid concomitant use of lipegfilgrastim and myelosuppressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Lipegfilgrastim should be administered at least 24 hours after the completion of myelosuppressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Olaparib: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Olaparib. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Palifermin: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antineoplastic Agents. Specifically, the duration and severity of oral mucositis may be increased. Management: Do not administer palifermin within 24 hours before, during infusion of, or within 24 hours after administration of myelotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Promazine: May enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk): QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Avoid) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk): QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Caution) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b. Management: Avoid coadministration of ropeginterferon alfa-2b and other myelosuppressive agents. If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor patients for excessive myelosuppressive effects. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Taxane Derivatives: Platinum Derivatives may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Taxane Derivatives. Administer Taxane derivative before Platinum derivative when given as sequential infusions to limit toxicity. Management: Administer paclitaxel before cisplatin, when given as sequential infusions, to limit toxicity. Problems associated with other taxane/platinum combinations are possible, although unsubstantiated. Administering the taxane before platinum is likely warranted Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Topotecan: Platinum Derivatives may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Topotecan. Management: Consider administering platinum derivatives after topotecan when possible to minimize toxicity or using lower doses if administering platinum derivatives prior to topotecan. Monitor for hematologic toxicity (eg, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia). Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Reproductive Considerations

Verify pregnancy status prior to treatment initiation in patients who could become pregnant. Patients who could become pregnant should use effective contraception during treatment and for at least 9 months after the last oxaliplatin dose. Patients with partners who can become pregnant should use effective contraception during treatment and for 6 months after the last oxaliplatin dose.

Oxaliplatin may adversely affect female fertility and have an intermediate risk of treatment-related azoospermia and male infertility (ESMO [Lambertini 2020]; Levi 2015). Recommendations are available for fertility preservation of male and female patients to be treated with anticancer agents (ASCO [Oktay 2018]; Klipstein 2020).

Pregnancy Considerations

Based on the mechanism of action and data from animal reproduction studies, in utero exposure to oxaliplatin may cause fetal harm.

Outcome data following maternal use of oxaliplatin during pregnancy are available (Frydenberg 2020; Kozai 2022; NTP 2013; Petruzzelli 2020).

The European Society for Medical Oncology has published guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cancer during pregnancy. The guidelines recommend referral to a facility with expertise in cancer during pregnancy and encourage a multidisciplinary team (obstetrician, neonatologist, oncology team) approach. In general, if chemotherapy is indicated, it should be avoided in the first trimester, there should be a 3-week time period between the last chemotherapy dose and anticipated delivery, and chemotherapy should not be administered beyond week 33 of gestation (ESMO [Peccatori 2013]).

A long-term observational research study is collecting information about the diagnosis and treatment of cancer during pregnancy. For additional information about the pregnancy and cancer registry or to become a participant, contact Cooper Health (877-635-4499).

Breastfeeding Considerations

It is not known if oxaliplatin is present in breast milk.

Due to the potential for serious adverse reactions in the breastfed infant, the manufacturer recommends discontinuing breastfeeding during oxaliplatin treatment and for 3 months after the last oxaliplatin dose.

Monitoring Parameters

CBC with differential, blood chemistries, including serum creatinine, ALT, AST, and bilirubin (baseline, prior to each cycle, and as clinically indicated), electrolytes, including potassium and magnesium (prior to and periodically during treatment); INR and PT (in patients on oral anticoagulant therapy; increase the frequency of monitoring in patients who receive oxaliplatin and oral anticoagulants). Evaluate pregnancy status prior to treatment initiation in females of reproductive potential. ECG monitoring is recommended in patients at risk for QT prolongation, heart failure, bradyarrhythmias, and electrolyte abnormalities and in patients taking concomitant medications known to cause QT prolongation (including class Ia and III antiarrhythmics). Perform neurologic evaluation prior to each dose and periodically thereafter. Monitor for signs/symptoms of hypersensitivity, pulmonary toxicity, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (diagnosis is confirmed with MRI), neuropathy, bleeding, and GI toxicity.

The American Society of Clinical Oncology hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening and management provisional clinical opinion (ASCO [Hwang 2020]) recommends HBV screening with hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B core antibody, total Ig or IgG, and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen prior to beginning (or at the beginning of) systemic anticancer therapy; do not delay treatment for screening/results. Detection of chronic or past HBV infection requires a risk assessment to determine antiviral prophylaxis requirements, monitoring, and follow-up.

Mechanism of Action

Oxaliplatin, a platinum derivative, is an alkylating agent. Following intracellular hydrolysis, the platinum compound binds to DNA forming cross-links which inhibit DNA replication and transcription, resulting in cell death. Cytotoxicity is cell-cycle nonspecific.

Pharmacokinetics

Distribution: Vd: 440 L.

Protein binding: >90% primarily albumin and gamma globulin (irreversible binding to platinum).

Metabolism: Nonenzymatic (rapid and extensive), forms active and inactive derivatives.

Half-life elimination:

Children: Oxaliplatin ultrafilterable platinum (terminal): Median: 293 hours; range: 187 to 662 hours (Beaty 2010).

Adults: Oxaliplatin ultrafilterable platinum: Distribution: Alpha phase: 0.43 hours; Beta phase: 16.8 hours; Terminal: 392 hours.

Excretion: Urine (~54%); feces (~2%).

Pharmacokinetics: Additional Considerations

Altered kidney function: The mean AUC of unbound platinum increases as renal function decreases: 40% increase with mild (CrCl 50 to 80 mL/minute), 95% increase with moderate (CrCl 30 to 49 mL/minute), and 342% increase with severe (CrCl <30 mL/minute) renal impairment compared with patients with normal renal function. The mean Cmax was 38% higher in patients with severe impairment compared with patients with normal renal function.

Pricing: US

Solution (Oxaliplatin Intravenous)

50 mg/10 mL (per mL): $0.86 - $21.22

100 mg/20 mL (per mL): $0.74 - $21.22

200 mg/40 mL (per mL): $6.00

Solution (reconstituted) (Oxaliplatin Intravenous)

50 mg (per each): $120.00 - $1,162.55

100 mg (per each): $240.00 - $2,325.15

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Brand Names: International
  • Ai Heng (CN);
  • Crisapla (UY);
  • Dacotin (IN);
  • Dacplat (AR);
  • Ebeoxal (AT);
  • Eloxatin (AE, AT, AU, BE, BG, BH, BR, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CY, DO, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GT, HK, HN, HR, IE, IL, IT, JO, KR, KW, LB, LU, MT, MX, MY, NI, NL, NZ, PA, PE, PH, PT, QA, RO, SA, SG, SI, SV, TH, TR, TW, VE, VN, ZA);
  • Eloxatine (FR, RU, UA);
  • Elplat (JP);
  • Entia (CR, DO, GT, HN, NI, PA, SV, TH);
  • Exiplat (ZA);
  • Exorum (RU);
  • Gessedil (HU, PL);
  • Henplatin (PH);
  • Kebir (PY);
  • Linoxa (TR);
  • Liplatin (KR);
  • Loxatron (LK);
  • Medoxa (DE);
  • Meslatin (PH);
  • O-Plat (CL);
  • Olatin (TW);
  • Olipcis (MX);
  • Opatin (TW);
  • Oplat (CO);
  • Oplaxin (ZA);
  • Oxalee (PH);
  • Oxaliccord (NZ);
  • Oxalip (TH, TW);
  • Oxalisin (NL);
  • Oxalitan (TH);
  • Oxalitin (KR);
  • Oxaliwin (ZA);
  • Oxalotin (BD);
  • Oxaltic (AR);
  • Oxaltie (EC, LK, PK);
  • Oxaltin (IL);
  • Oxamed (FI);
  • Oxapla (KR);
  • Oxaplat (TH);
  • Oxaplin (MY);
  • Oxerin (CO);
  • Oxiplat (VE);
  • Oxitan (EG, LB, RU, TH, TW, ZW);
  • Oxitel (PH);
  • Oxol (LK, TH, ZW);
  • Planitox (VN);
  • Platinox (PH);
  • Pleoxtin (KR);
  • Plusplatin (EC);
  • Rexta (TH);
  • Riboxatin (DE);
  • Riptam (MX);
  • Sanroxa (ID);
  • Sindoxplatin (PH);
  • Sinoxal (HR, HU);
  • Tubernax (PT);
  • Uxalun (BR);
  • X-Plat (LK);
  • Xaliplat (PY);
  • Xaloplat (BD);
  • Xalox (AU);
  • Zildox (PH);
  • Zolaxat (CR, DO, GT, HN, NI, PA, SV)


For country code abbreviations (show table)
  1. <800> Hazardous Drugs–Handling in Healthcare Settings. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP 43-NF 38). Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2020:74-92.
  2. Ah-Thiane L, Raoul JL, Hiret S, Senellart H, Dumont F, Raimbourg J. Transient vision loss - a rare oxaliplatin-induced ophthalmologic side effect: a report of two cases. Case Rep Oncol. 2021;14(1):483-486. doi:10.1159/000514656 [PubMed 33976624]
  3. Al-Batran SE, Hartmann JT, Hofheinz R, et al. Biweekly Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin, and Docetaxel (FLOT) for Patients With Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach or Esophagogastric Junction: A Phase II Trial of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(11):1882-1887. [PubMed 18669868]
  4. Al-Batran SE, Homann N, Pauligk C, et al; FLOT4-AIO Investigators. Perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel versus fluorouracil or capecitabine plus cisplatin and epirubicin for locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FLOT4): a randomised, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet. 2019;393(10184):1948-1957. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32557-1 [PubMed 30982686]
  5. Andre P, Cisternino S, Roy AL, et al. Stability of Oxaliplatin in Infusion Bags Containing 5% Dextrose Injection. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64(18):1950-1954. [PubMed 17823107]
  6. Andre T, Boni C, Mounedji-Boudiaf L, et al. Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin as Adjuvant Treatment for Colon Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(23):2343-2351. [PubMed 15175436]
  7. Andre T, Boni C, Navarro M, et al. Improved Overall Survival With Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin as Adjuvant Treatment in Stage II or III Colon Cancer in the MOSAIC Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(19):3109-3116. [PubMed 19451431]
  8. Andre T, Tournigand C, Rosmorduc O, et al. Gemcitabine Combined With Oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in Advanced Biliary Tract Adenocarcinoma: A GERCOR Study. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(9):1339-1343. [PubMed 15319238]
  9. Bajetta E, Catena L, Procopio G, et al. Are capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) suitable treatments for progressing low-grade and high-grade neuroendocrine tumours. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2007;59(5):637-642. [PubMed 16937105]
  10. Balaban EP, Mangu PB, Khorana AA, et al. Locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(22):2654-2668. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.67.5561 [PubMed 27247216]
  11. Bang YJ, Kim YW, Yang HK, et al. Adjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin for gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy (CLASSIC): a phase 3 open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9813):315-321. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61873-4 [PubMed 22226517]
  12. Beaty O 3rd, Berg S, Blaney S, et al. A phase II trial and pharmacokinetic study of oxaliplatin in children with refractory solid tumors: a children's oncology group study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:440-445. [PubMed 20658614]
  13. Bertheault-Cvitkovic F, Jami A, Ithzaki M, et al. Biweekly Intensified Ambulatory Chronomodulated Chemotherapy With Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(11):2950-2958. [PubMed 8918492]
  14. Bhargava P, Gammon D, McCormick MJ. Hypersensitivity and Idiosyncratic Reactions to Oxaliplatin. Cancer. 2004;100(1):211-212. [PubMed 14692042]
  15. Bokemeyer C, Oechsle K, Honecker F, et al. Combination Chemotherapy With Gemcitabine, Oxaliplatin, and Paclitaxel in Patients With Cisplatin-Refractory or Multiply Relapsed Germ-Cell Tumors: A Study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(3):448-453. [PubMed 18006893]
  16. Brandi G, Pantaleo MA, Galli C, et al. Hypersensitivity Reactions Related to Oxaliplatin (OHP). Br J Cancer. 2003;89(3):477-481. [PubMed 12888815]
  17. Carneiro BA, Kaminer L, Eldibany M, Sreekantaiah C, Kaul K, Locker GY. Oxaliplatin-related acute myelogenous leukemia. Oncologist. 2006;11(3):261-262. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-3-261 [PubMed 16549810]
  18. Cassidy J, Misset JL. Oxaliplatin-Related Side Effects: Characteristics and Management. Semin Oncol. 2002, 29(5)(suppl 15):11-20.
  19. Cassidy J, Clarke S, Díaz-Rubio E, et al. Randomized phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(12):2006-2012. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.14.9898 [PubMed 18421053]
  20. Cercek A, Park V, Yaeger R, et al. Faster FOLFOX: Oxaliplatin can be safely infused at a rate of 1 mg/m2/min. J Oncol Pract. 2016;12(5):e548-e553. doi:10.1200/JOP.2015.008417 [PubMed 27072569]
  21. Cersosimo RJ. Oxaliplatin-Associated Neuropathy: A Review. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(1):128-135. [PubMed 15590869]
  22. Charrier T, Passot G, Peron J, et al. Cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with oxaliplatin increases the risk of postoperative hemorrhagic complications: analysis of predictive factors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(7):2315-2322. [PubMed 26920385]
  23. Conroy T, Desseigne F, Ychou M, et al. FOLFIRINOX Versus Gemcitabine for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(19):1817-1825. [PubMed 21561347]
  24. Conroy T, Hammel P, Hebbar M, et al; Canadian Cancer Trials Group and the Unicancer-GI–PRODIGE Group. FOLFIRINOX or Gemcitabine as adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(25):2395-2406. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1809775 [PubMed 30575490]
  25. Conroy T, Yataghène Y, Etienne PL, et al. Phase II Randomised Trial of Chemoradiotherapy With FOLFOX4 or Cisplatin Plus Fluorouracil in Oesophageal Cancer. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(9):1349-1355. [PubMed 20940718]
  26. Cremolini C, Loupakis F, Antoniotti C, et al. FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: updated overall survival and molecular subgroup analyses of the open-label, phase 3 TRIBE study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(13):1306-1315. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00122-9 [PubMed 26338525]
  27. De Giorgi U, Rosti G, Aieta M, et al. Phase II Study of Oxaliplatin and Gemcitabine Salvage Chemotherapy in Patients With Cisplatin-Refractory Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor. Eur Urol. 2006;50(5):1032-1038. [PubMed 16757095]
  28. de Gramont A, Figer A, Seymour M, et al. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(16):2938-2947. doi:10.1200/JCO.2000.18.16.2938 [PubMed 10944126]
  29. de Lemos ML, Walisser S. Management of Extravasation of Oxaliplatin. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2005;11(4):159-162. [PubMed 16595069]
  30. Dieras V, Bougnoux P, Petit T, et al. Multicentre Phase II Study of Oxaliplatin as a Single-Agent in Cisplatin/Carboplatin +/- Taxane-Pretreated Ovarian Cancer Patients. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(2):258-266. [PubMed 11886003]
  31. Doroshow JH, Synold TW, Gandara D, et al, “Pharmacology of Oxaliplatin in Solid Tumor Patients With Hepatic Dysfunction: A Preliminary Report of the National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group,” Semin Oncol, 2003, 30(4 Suppl 15):14-9. [PubMed 14523790]
  32. Douillard JY, Siena S, Cassidy J, et al. Final results from PRIME: randomized phase III study of panitumumab with FOLFOX4 for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(7):1346-1355. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu141 [PubMed 24718886]
  33. Douillard JY, Siena S, Cassidy J, et al. Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(31):4697-4705. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.27.4860 [PubMed 20921465]
  34. Dupuis LL, Boodhan S, Sung L, et al; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario. Guideline for the classification of the acute emetogenic potential of antineoplastic medication in pediatric cancer patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;57(2):191-198. [PubMed 21465637]
  35. Durand JP, Deplanque G, Montheil V, et al. Efficacy of Venlafaxine for the Prevention and Relief of Oxaliplatin-Induced Acute Neurotoxicity: Results of EFFOX, a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Trial. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(1):200-205. [PubMed 21427067]
  36. Earle CC, Chen WY, Ryan DP, Mayer RJ. Oxaliplatin-induced Evan's syndrome. Br J Cancer. 2001;84(3):441. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1608 [PubMed 11161414]
  37. Eloxatin (oxaliplatin) [prescribing information]. Bridgewater, NJ: Sanofi-Aventis; March 2020.
  38. Eloxatin (oxaliplatin) [product monograph]. Laval, Quebec, Canada: Sanofi-Aventis Canada Inc; August 2018.
  39. Falcone A, Ricci S, Brunetti I, et al. Phase III Trial of Infusional Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin, and Irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) Compared With Infusional Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as First-Line Treatment for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(13):1670-1676. [PubMed 17470860]
  40. Frydenberg H, Harsem NK, Ofigsbø Å, et al. Chemotherapy during pregnancy for advanced colon cancer: a case report [published online ahead of print March 6, 2020]. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2020;S1533-0028(20)30036-0. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2020.02.013 [PubMed 32222353]
  41. Geoerger B, Chisholm J, Deley ML, et al. Phase II study of gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin in relapsed or refractory paediatric solid malignancies: an innovative therapy for children with Cancer European Consortium Study. European Journal of Cancer. 2011;47:230-238. [PubMed 20943374]
  42. Griggs JJ, Bohlke K, Balaban EP, et al. Appropriate systemic therapy dosing for obese adult patients with cancer: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2021:39(18):2037-2048. doi:10.1200/JCO.21.00471 [PubMed 33939491]
  43. Grothey A, Nikcevich DA, Sloan JA, et al. Intravenous Calcium and Magnesium for Oxaliplatin-Induced Sensory Neurotoxicity in Adjuvant Colon Cancer: NCCTG N04C7. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(4):421-427. [PubMed 21189381]
  44. Grothey A, Sobrero AF, Shields AF, et al. Duration of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(13):1177-1188. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1713709 [PubMed 29590544]
  45. Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Burris HA 3rd, et al. Oxaliplatin and capecitabine in the treatment of patients with recurrent or refractory carcinoma of unknown primary site: a phase 2 trial of the Sarah Cannon Oncology Research Consortium. Cancer. 2010;116(10):2448-2454. [PubMed 20209610]
  46. Hall PS, Swinson D, Waters JS, et al. Optimizing chemotherapy for frail and elderly patients (pts) with advanced gastroesophageal cancer (aGOAC): the GO2 phase III trial [Abstract 4006 from 2019 ASCO annual meeting]. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(suppl):4006.
  47. Haller DG, Tabernero J, Maroun J, et al. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(11):1465-1471. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.33.6297 [PubMed 21383294]
  48. Hancox JC, Caves RE, Choisy SC, James AF. QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes with oxaliplatin. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2016;7(6):261-263. doi:10.1177/2042098616666081 [PubMed 27904744]
  49. Hartmann C, Weinel P, Schmid H, et al. Oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and gemcitabine: a novel combination in the therapy of progressed, relapsed, or refractory tumors in children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2011;33(5):344-349. [PubMed 21572345]
  50. Hesketh PJ, Kris MG, Basch E, et al. Antiemetics: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(24):2782-2797. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.01296 [PubMed 32658626]
  51. Hochster HS, Hart LL, Ramanathan RK, et al. Safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine regimens with or without bevacizumab as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results of the TREE Study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(21):3523-3529. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.4138 [PubMed 18640933]
  52. Horimatsu T, Nakayama N, Moriwaki T, et al. A phase II study of 5-fluorouracil/L-leucovorin/oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) in Japanese patients with metastatic or unresectable small bowel adenocarcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol. 2017;22(5):905-912. doi:10.1007/s10147-017-1138-6 [PubMed 28536826]
  53. Hurst S, McMillan M. Innovative solutions in critical care units: extravasation guidelines. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2004;23(3):125-128. [PubMed 15192356]
  54. Hwang JP, Feld JJ, Hammond SP, et al. Hepatitis B virus screening and management for patients with cancer prior to therapy: ASCO provisional clinical opinion update. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(31):3698-3715. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.01757 [PubMed 32716741]
  55. Jain A, Dubashi B, Parameswaran S, Ganesh RN. Oxaliplatin induced acute tubular necrosis. Indian J Cancer. 2015;52(3):363-364. doi:10.4103/0019-509X.176696 [PubMed 26905139]
  56. Janjigian YY, Shitara K, Moehler M, et al. First-line nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (CheckMate 649): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10294):27-40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00797-2 [PubMed 34102137]
  57. Janus N, Thariat J, Boulanger H, et al. Proposal for Dosage Adjustment and Timing of Chemotherapy in Hemodialyzed Patients. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(7):1395-1403. [PubMed 20118214]
  58. Kang GH, Moon HS, Lee ES, et al. A case of liver fibrosis with splenomegaly after oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28(12):1835-1838. doi:10.3346/jkms.2013.28.12.1835 [PubMed 24339718]
  59. Khorana AA, McKernin SE, Berlin J, et al. Potentially curable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: ASCO clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(23):2082-2088. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.00946 [PubMed 31180816]
  60. Khushalani NI, Leichman CG, Proulx G, et al. Oxaliplatin in Combination with Protracted-Infusion Fluorouracil and Radiation: Report of a Clinical Trial for Patients With Esophageal Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(12):2844-2850. [PubMed 12065561]
  61. Kim BH, Bradley T, Tai J, et al. Hypersensitivity to Oxaliplatin: An Investigation of Incidence and Risk Factors, and Literature Review. Oncology. 2009;76(4):231-238. [PubMed 19246947]
  62. Kim SB, Kim SY, Kim KH, Kim TN. Oxaliplatin-induced sudden hearing loss in a patient with pancreatic cancer. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2020;76(5):261-264. doi:10.4166/kjg.2020.121 [PubMed 33234775]
  63. Klipstein S, Fallat ME, Savelli S; Committee on Bioethics; Section on Hematology/Oncology; Section on Surgery. Fertility preservation for pediatric and adolescent patients with cancer: medical and ethical considerations. Pediatrics. 2020;145(3):e20193994. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3994 [PubMed 32071259]
  64. Knijn N, Tol J, Koopman M, et al. The Effect of Prophylactic Calcium and Magnesium Infusions on the Incidence of Neurotoxicity and Clinical Outcome of Oxaliplatin-Based Systemic Treatment in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(3):369-374. [PubMed 21067912]
  65. Kollmannsberger C, Beyer J, Liersch R, et al. Combination Chemotherapy With Gemcitabine Plus Oxaliplatin in Patients With Intensively Pretreated or Refractory Germ Cell Cancer: A Study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(1):108-114. [PubMed 14701772]
  66. Kozai L, Benavente K, Obeidat A, Acoba J. FOLFOXIRI in pregnant women with colorectal cancer: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Oncol. 2022;15(1):447-454. doi:10.1159/000524325 [PubMed 35702554]
  67. Kretzschmar A, Pink D, Thuss-Patience P, Dörken B, Reichert P, Eckert R. Extravasations of oxaliplatin. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(21):4068-4069. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.99.095 [PubMed 14581435]
  68. Kuebler JP, Wieand HS, O'Connell MJ, et al. Oxaliplatin combined with weekly bolus fluorouracil and leucovorin as surgical adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer: results from NSABP C-07. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(16):2198-2204. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.2974 [PubMed 17470851]
  69. Lam CG, Furman WL, Wang C, et al. Phase I clinical trial of ifosfamide, oxaliplatin, and etoposide (IOE) in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2015;37(1):e13-e18. [PubMed 24942022]
  70. Lamarca A, Palmer DH, Wasan HS, et al; Advanced Biliary Cancer Working Group. Second-line FOLFOX chemotherapy versus active symptom control for advanced biliary tract cancer (ABC-06): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(5):690-701. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00027-9 [PubMed 33798493]
  71. Lambertini M, Peccatori FA, Demeestere I, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Fertility preservation and post-treatment pregnancies in post-pubertal cancer patients: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(12):1664-1678. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.09.006 [PubMed 32976936]
  72. Levi F, Metzger G, Massari C, et al. Oxaliplatin: Pharmacokinetics and Chronopharmacological Aspects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000, 38(1):1-21. [PubMed 10668856]
  73. Levi M, Shalgi R, Brenner B, et al. The impact of oxaliplatin on the gonads: from bedside to the bench. Mol Hum Reprod. 2015;21(12):885-893. doi:10.1093/molehr/gav055 [PubMed 26443807]
  74. Lieu C, Kennedy EB, Bergsland E, et al. Duration of oxaliplatin-containing adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline [published online April 15, 2019]. J Clin Oncol. 2019:JCO1900281. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.00281 [PubMed 30986117]
  75. López A, Gutiérrez A, Palacios A, et al. GEMOX-R Regimen is a Highly Effective Salvage Regimen in Patients With Refractory/Relapsing Diffuse Large-Cell Lymphoma: A Phase II Study. Eur J Haematol. 2008;80(2):127-132. [PubMed 18005385]
  76. Loprinzi CL, Qin R, Dakhil SR, et al. Phase III randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of intravenous calcium and magnesium to prevent oxaliplatin-induced sensory neurotoxicity (N08CB/Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(10):997-1005. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.52.0536 [PubMed 24297951]
  77. Loupakis F, Cremolini C, Masi G, et al. Initial therapy with FOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(17):1609-1618. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1403108 [PubMed 25337750]
  78. Macy ME, Duncan T, Whitlock J, et al. A multi-center phase 1b study of oxaliplatin (NSC #266046) in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin in pediatric patients with advanced solid tumors. Pediatric Blood Cancer. 2013;60:230-236. [PubMed 23024067]
  79. Mascarenhas L, Malogolowkin M, Armenian SH, Sposto R, Venkatramani R. A phase I study of oxaliplatin and doxorubicin in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory extracranial non-hematopoietic solid tumors. Pediatric Blood Cancer. 2013;60:1103-1107. doi:10.1002/pbc.24471 [PubMed 23335436]
  80. McGregor LM, Spunt SL, Santana VM, et al. Phase I study of an oxaliplatin-etoposide regimen in pediatric patients with recurrent solid tumors. Cancer. 2009;115(3):655-664. [PubMed 19117350]
  81. Mesquida M, Sanchez-Dalmau B, Ortiz-Perez S, et al. Oxaliplatin-related ocular toxicity. Case Rep Oncol. 2010;3(3):423-427. doi:10.1159/000322675 [PubMed 21151636]
  82. Morgan C, Tillett T, Braybrooke J, et al. Management of Uncommon Chemotherapy-Induced Emergencies. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(8):806-814. [PubMed 21276754]
  83. National Toxicology Program. NTP Monograph: Developmental effects and pregnancy outcomes associated with cancer chemotherapy use during pregnancy. NTP Monogr. 2013;(2):i-214. [PubMed 24736875]
  84. Nehls O, Klump B, Arkenau HT, et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil and leucovorin for advanced biliary system adenocarcinomas: a prospective phase II trial. Br J Cancer. 2002;87(7):702-704. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600543 [PubMed 12232749]
  85. Nehls O, Oettle H, Hartmann JT, et al. Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin as First-Line Treatment in Patients With Advanced Biliary System Adenocarcinoma: A Prospective Multicentre Phase II Trial. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(2):309-315. [PubMed 18182984]
  86. Obermannová R, Alsina M, Cervantes A, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Oesophageal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(10):992-1004. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.003 [PubMed 35914638]
  87. Oechsle K, Kollmannsberger C, Honecker F, et al .Long-Term Survival After Treatment With Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin With and Without Paclitaxel Plus Secondary Surgery in Patients With Cisplatin-Refractory and/or Multiply Relapsed Germ Cell Tumors. Eur Urol. 2011;60(4):850-855. [PubMed 21704446]
  88. Oettle H, Riess H, Stieler JM, et al. Second-line oxaliplatin, folinic acid, and fluorouracil versus folinic acid and fluorouracil alone for gemcitabine-refractory pancreatic cancer: outcomes from the CONKO-003 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(23):2423-2429. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.53.6995 [PubMed 24982456]
  89. Oh SY, Wasif N, Garcon MC, Rodriguez G, Saif MW. Ototoxicity associated with oxaliplatin in a patient with pancreatic cancer. JOP. 2013;14(6):676-679. doi:10.6092/1590-8577/1629 [PubMed 24216561]
  90. Okamoto T, Takagi K, Fukuda K. Oxaliplatin-induced Lhermitte's sign in gastric cancer. Case Rep Oncol Med. 2020;2020:8826657. doi:10.1155/2020/8826657 [PubMed 32670652]
  91. Oktay K, Harvey BE, Partridge AH, et al. Fertility preservation in patients with cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(19):1994-2001. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.78.1914 [PubMed 29620997]
  92. OʼReilly EM, Perelshteyn A, Jarnagin WR, et al. A single-arm, nonrandomized phase II trial of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with resectable pancreas adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg. 2014;260(1):142-148. [PubMed 24901360]
  93. Overman MJ, Varadhachary GR, Kopetz S, et al. Phase II study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin for advanced adenocarcinoma of the small bowel and ampulla of Vater. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(16):2598-2603. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.7145 [PubMed 19164203]
  94. Oxaliplatin [prescribing information]. North Wales, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc; January 2020.
  95. Oxaliplatin [prescribing information]. Brooklyn, NY: Nextgen Pharmaceuticals Inc; June 2020.
  96. Oxaliplatin [product monograph]. Kirkland, Québec, Canada: Pfizer Canada ULC; July 2020.
  97. Papaxoinis G, Kotoula V, Giannoulatou E, et al. Phase II study of panitumumab combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: clinical results including extended tumor genotyping. Med Oncol. 2018;35(7):101. doi:10.1007/s12032-018-1160-1 [PubMed 29855806]
  98. Peccatori FA, Azim HA Jr, Orecchia R, et al. Cancer, pregnancy and fertility: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(suppl 6):vi160‐vi170. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt199 [PubMed 23813932]
  99. Pectasides D, Pectasides M, Farmakis D, et al. Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in Patients With Cisplatin-Refractory Germ Cell Tumors: A Phase II Study. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(3):493-497. [PubMed 14998855]
  100. Pelzer U, Schwaner I, Stieler J, et al. Best supportive care (BSC) versus oxaliplatin, folinic acid and 5-fluorouracil (OFF) plus BSC in patients for second-line advanced pancreatic cancer: a phase III-study from the German CONKO-Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(11):1676-1681. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.011 [PubMed 21565490]
  101. Pérez Fidalgo JA, García Fabregat L, Cervantes A, et al. Management of Chemotherapy Extravasation: ESMO-EONS Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(suppl 7):167-173. [PubMed 22997449]
  102. Petruzzelli P, Zizzo R, Tavassoli E, et al. Colon adenocarcinoma during pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2020;2020:8894722. doi:10.1155/2020/8894722 [PubMed 33299623]
  103. Piccart MJ, Green JA, Lacave AJ, et al. Oxaliplatin or Paclitaxel in Patients With Platinum-Pretreated Advanced Ovarian Cancer: A Randomized Phase II Study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gynecology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(6):1193-1202. [PubMed 10715288]
  104. Pissarra A, Malheiro M, Matos LV, Plácido AN. Severe rhabdomyolysis related to oxaliplatin adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(4):e228673. doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-228673 [PubMed 30996068]
  105. Polyzos A, Tsavaris N, Gogas H, et al. Clinical Features of Hypersensitivity Reactions to Oxaliplatin: A 10-Year Experience. Oncology. 2009;76(1):36-41. [PubMed 19033714]
  106. Quack H, Erpenbeck L, Wolff HA, et al. Oxaliplatin-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis under adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: two cases of a rare adverse event. Case Rep Oncol. 2013;6(3):609-615. doi:10.1159/000357166 [PubMed 24474925]
  107. Ramanathan PK, Rothenberg ML, de Gramont A, et al .Incidence and Evolution of Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy in Diabetic Patients With Colorectal Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Three Phase III Studies. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(4):754-758. [PubMed 19887466]
  108. Rodríguez J, Gutierrez A, Palacios A, et al. Rituximab, Gemcitabine and Oxaliplatin: An Effective Regimen in Patients With Refractory and Relapsing Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007;48(11):2172-2178. [PubMed 17990179]
  109. Roila F, Molassiotis A, Herrstedt J, et al. 2016 MASCC and ESMO guideline update for the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and of nausea and vomiting in advanced cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(suppl 5):v119-v133. [PubMed 27664248]
  110. Ryu CG, Jung EJ, Kim G, Kim SR, Hwang DY. Oxaliplatin-induced pulmonary fibrosis: two case reports. J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2011;27(5):266-269. doi:10.3393/jksc.2011.27.5.266 [PubMed 22102978]
  111. Saad R, Hannun A, Temraz S, Finianos A, Zeenny RM. Oxaliplatin-induced thrombotic microangiopathy: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2022;16(1):110. doi:10.1186/s13256-022-03309-7 [PubMed 35303936]
  112. Saltz LB, Clarke S, Díaz-Rubio E, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(12):2013-2019. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.14.9930 [PubMed 18421054]
  113. Seo AN, Kim H. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2014;20(1):81-84. doi:10.3350/cmh.2014.20.1.81 [PubMed 24757663]
  114. Shah MA, Kennedy EB, Catenacci DV, et al. Treatment of locally advanced esophageal carcinoma: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(23):2677-2694. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.00866 [PubMed 32568633]
  115. Sharma A, Dwary AD, Mohanti BK, et al. Best supportive care compared with chemotherapy for unresectable gall bladder cancer: a randomized controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(30):4581-4586. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.29.3605 [PubMed 20855823]
  116. Shi Q, Sobrero AF, Shields AF, et al. Prospective pooled analysis of six phase III trials investigating duration of adjuvant (adjuv) oxaliplatin-based therapy (3 vs 6 months) for patients (pts) with stage III colon cancer (CC): The IDEA (International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant chemotherapy) collaboration. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(suppl): LBA1 [Abstract LBA1 from 2017 ASCO annual meeting].
  117. Smith ZR, Horng M, Rech MA. Medication-induced hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis: a systematic review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 2019;39(9):946-963. [PubMed 31361914]
  118. Smyth EC, Nilsson M, Grabsch HI, van Grieken NC, Lordick F. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2020;396(10251):635-648. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31288-5 [PubMed 32861308]
  119. Sohal DPS, Kennedy EB, Cinar P, et al. Metastatic pancreatic cancer: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. Published online August 5, 2020. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.01364 [PubMed 32755482]
  120. Suenaga M, Mizunuma N, Shinozaki E, et al. Management of Allergic Reactions to Oxaliplatin in Colorectal Cancer Patients. J Support Oncol. 2008;6(8):373-378. [PubMed 19149322]
  121. Synold TW, Takimoto CH, Doroshow JH, et al. Dose-Escalating and Pharmacologic Study of Oxaliplatin in Adult Cancer Patients With Impaired Hepatic Function: A National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group Study. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(12):3660-3666. [PubMed 17575231]
  122. Takimoto CH, Graham MA, Lockwood G, et al. Oxaliplatin Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Adult Cancer patients With Impaired Renal Function. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(16):4832-4839. [PubMed 17699862]
  123. Takimoto CH, Remick SC, Sharma S, et al. Dose-Escalating and Pharmacological Study of Oxaliplatin in Adult Cancer Patients With Impaired Renal Function: A National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(14):2664-2672. [PubMed 12860942]
  124. Taooka Y, Yoke H, Inata J. Oxaliplatin-related interstitial pneumonia with high-grade fever and relative bradycardia as the presenting signs: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2021;15(1):153. doi:10.1186/s13256-021-02769-7 [PubMed 33827687]
  125. Taro-Oxaliplatin (oxaliplatin) [product monograph]. Brampton, Ontario, Canada: Taro Pharmaceuticals Inc; June 2021.
  126. Tran HC, Marachelian A, Venkatramani R, Jubran RF, Mascarenhas L. Oxaliplatin and doxorubicin for relapsed or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2015;32(1):26-31. doi: 10.3109/08880018.2014.983624. [PubMed 25551355]
  127. Trissel LA, Saenz CA, Ingram DS, et al. Compatibility Screening of Oxaliplatin During Simulated Y-Site Administration With Other Drugs. J Oncol Pharm Practice. 2002;8(1):33-37.
  128. Tsimberidou AM, Wierda WG, Plunkett W, et al. Phase I-II Study of Oxaliplatin, Fludarabine, Cytarabine, and Rituximab Combination Therapy in Patients With Richter's Syndrome or Fludarabine-Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(2):196-203. [PubMed 18182662]
  129. US Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH list of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in healthcare settings 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2016-161/. Updated September 2016. Accessed October 5, 2016.
  130. Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, et al. Effect of first-line chemotherapy combined with cetuximab or bevacizumab on overall survival in patients with KRAS wild-type advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317(23):2392-2401. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.7105 [PubMed 28632865]
  131. Wang Y, Yu YY, Li W, et al. A phase II trial of Xeloda and oxaliplatin (XELOX) neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery for advanced gastric cancer patients with para-aortic lymph node metastasis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2014;73(6):1155-1161. [PubMed 24748418]
  132. Wilcox BE, Ryu JH, Kalra S. Exacerbation of pre-existing interstitial lung disease after oxaliplatin therapy: a report of three cases. Respir Med. 2008;102(2):273-279. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2007.09.001 [PubMed 17945475]
  133. Wiseman LR, Adkins JC, Plosker GL, et al .Oxaliplatin: A Review of Its Use in the Management of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Drugs Aging. 1999;14(6):459-475. [PubMed 10408744]
  134. Woo HS, Lee KH, Yoon PH, et al. Oxaliplatin-induced immune-mediated thrombocytopenia: A Case Report. Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):949-953. doi:10.4143/crt.2014.052 [PubMed 25544580]
  135. Xiang XJ, Liu YW, Zhang L, et al. A phase II study of modified FOLFOX as first-line chemotherapy in advanced small bowel adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Drugs. 2012;23(5):561-566. doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e328350dd0d [PubMed 22481063]
  136. Xiong HQ, Varadhachary GR, Blais JC, et al. Phase 2 Trial of Oxaliplatin Plus Capecitabine (XELOX) as Second-Line Therapy for Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer. 2008;113(8):2046-2052. [PubMed 18756532]
  137. Yamada S, Yazawa M, Yamamoto M, et al. A case of biopsy-proven oxaliplatin-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis with thrombocytopenia and anemia. CEN Case Rep. 2019;8(3):188-193. doi:10.1007/s13730-019-00390-8 [PubMed 30827015]
  138. Yoo C, Hwang JY, Kim JE, et al. A randomised phase II study of modified FOLFIRI.3 vs modified FOLFOX as second-line therapy in patients with gemcitabine-refractory advanced pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer. 2009;101(10):1658-1663. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605374 [PubMed 19826418]
  139. Zaanan A, Costes L, Gauthier M, et al. Chemotherapy of advanced small-bowel adenocarcinoma: a multicenter AGEO study. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(9):1786-1793. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq038 [PubMed 20223786]
Topic 10180 Version 410.0